Unit 3 infectious disease and sexually transmitted infections Flashcards
how does an infection occur
when a micro-organism invades the body of a host
what causes an infectious disease
an infection
what is a latent period
the time between infection and the development of symptoms and signs
how does bacteria cause harm
by releasing enzymes or toxins
what kills bacteria
antibiotics
what is a pathogen
agent of infection
what is a virus
acellular pathogen that invades living cells
what is used to treat viruses
antiviral drugs
what does a virus do to a host cell
either kill it or alter its function
what are three types of fungi
yeasts, mold, mushrooms
what does fungi do
absorbs nutrients from host, causing damage
what is protozoa
a single celled organism
what does protozoa do
release enzymes or toxins that destroy cells
what do parasitic worms do
attack tissue or organs and compete with host for nutrients
how does a parasitic worm infect someone
through borrowing through skin or through undercooked pork or fish
what are the four ways to catch an infection
people, food, water, and animals
what type of transmission goes through animals and insects
vector transmission
why does bacteria live in your digestive tract
to aid digestion and vitamin absorption
what is the first line of defense
skin, cilia, mucus, elevated body temperature, cough, tears, and saliva
what occurs during the second line of defense
specialized cells including macrophages, T cells, and B cells launch an immune response to climate the pathogen
what is the function of macrophages
they surround and digest foreign matter
what is the function of T cells
fights parasites, fungi, cancer cells, and infected cells
what makes up antibodies
B cells
what is the function of antibodies
they stick to specific antigens on pathogens
what is a humeral response
when a antibody protein sticks to a specific antigen
what is the chain of infection
pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, new host
what is a vaccination
small quantity of inactive pathogens are injected to create memory cells
what type of infection is smallpox
a virus
what type of infection is polio
virus
what type of infection is measles
virus
what type of infection is malaria
protozoan
what type of infection is HIV/AIDS
virus
what type of infection is tuberculosis
bacteria
what type of infection is Zika
virus
what does measles cause
inflammation of the brain, brain damage, seizures, deafness, and death
how do colds spread
coughs, sneezes, direct and indirect contact
why is influenza deadly
it has a high rate of mutation and can recombine with other strains to create new flu strains
how is Hepatitis A and E spread
through contaminated water
how is hep B, C and D spread
through sexual contact
what is caused by hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
what is meningitis
infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
what are the three types of vaginal infections
trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis
what the three types of penile infections
candidiasis, epididymitis, and orchitis
what type of infection is a UTI
bacterial
what has led to antibiotic resistance
natural selection
what is the most commonly reported STI in Canada
chlamydia
what are three types of bacterial STIs
chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis
what is caused by chlamydia
pelvic inflammatory disease, disrupted menstruation, pelvic pain, nausea/vomiting, vaginal discharge, and burning during urination
what occurs in the first stage of syphilis
sore, usually painless at sit of infection
what occurs during the second stage of syphilis
rash over the body
what occurs during the third stage of sphyilis
bacteria invades the nervous system; neurological effects, mental disturbance, heart failure, blindness, and death
what bacteria causes chlamydia
chlamydia trachomatis
what causes chlamydia to spread easily
there are no early symptoms
if chlamydia is left untreated, what happens
ectopic pregnancy, and sterility
how can chlamydia be prevented
condom use
what age group has the highest rate of infection for chlamydia
ages 15-29
what bacteria causes gonorrhoea
neisseria gonorrhoeae
why is gonorrhoea underreported
it is often asymptomatic
how does gonorrhoea spread
through oral, vaginal, or anal sex
how can gonorrheoa be prevented
condom use
what age groups are at the highest incidence rate for gonorrhoea
females aged 15-24, and males aged 30-39
what bacteria causes syphilis
treponema pallidum
how is syphilis transmitted
through break in skin, via kissing, oral, vaginal, or anal sex
what is the most common viral STI
human paillomavirus
what causes cervical cancers
HPV
how does HPV spread
by sexual contact, including oral sex
how is HPV prevented
through the Gardasil vaccination
what is affected from Herpes simplex virus 1
the mouth
what is affected from herpes simplex virus 2
genitals
what is herpes simplex virus
small, painful, leaking red blisters
where does HSV lay dormant
in nerve cells
how is HSV commonly transmitted
through oral sex
what can cause a HSV outbreak
stress, illness, fatigue, sun exposure, intercourse, and menstruation
is there a cure for HSV
no
what is the clinical endpoint to HIV
AIDS
what does HIV do
attacks immune T cells
how is HIV spread
blood to blood, or fluid to blood contact
how is HIV commonly transmitted
through unprotected sex
why is HIV so deadly
HIV hides inside the immune cells, slowly killing them, it replicates to fast for the immune system to fight it, and it mutates and avoids elimination
what happens if HIV is untreated
it leads to AIDS within 10 years
what is the main treatment of HIV
HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)
how does AIDS lead to death
it severely compromises the immune system, causing death due to opportunistic infections
what are the two types of immune response
innate and adaptive
what occurs during the first phase of the immune response
dendritic cells are drawn to the site the injury and consume the foreign cells, they then provide information about the pathogen by displaying its antigen on their surfaces
what occurs during the second phase of the immune response
helper T cells multiply rapidly and trigger the production of killer T cells and B cells in the spleen and lymph nodes
what occurs during the third phase of the immune response
killer T cells strike at foreign cells and body cells that have been invaded and infected, identifying he by the antigens displayed on the cell’s surfaces.
what occurs during the fourth phase of the immune response
the last phase of the immune response is a slowdown of activity
what is acquired immunity
the ability of memory lymphocytes to remember previous infections
what is the basis of immunization
the ability of the immune system to remember previously encountered organisms and retain its strength against them
how can you deal with allergies
avoidance, medication, and immunotherapy
