Unit 8

Question 1

What is dominate in the early first year? Reflexes or voluntary movements?

Answer 1

Reflexs

Question 2

What happens after first year

Answer 2

higher brain centers gain control and voluntary movement increases

Question 3

What are the three categories of voluntary movement of infants

What are examples of each

Answer 3

1. Stability - head control, upright posture, standing
2. Locomotion - creeping, crawling, walking
3. Manipulation - reaching, grasping, releasing

Question 4

Cephalo causdal can effect what three things

Answer 4

1. Head control
2. Upper body control
3. Lower body control

Question 5

Stages of stability in head control (5)

Answer 5

Voluntary movement begins in head

1st month = Control by end

Month 2 = infant elevates head when prone

Month 2-3 = infant positions head from left to right to left when prone

Month 5 = infant elevates head when supine (laying down)

Question 6

What is seen in stability in body control (4)

Answer 6

1. Chest elevation
2. Segmented rolling back to front
3. Crawling
4. Ability to maintain upright posture frees the hand and arms for reaching and grasping

Question 7

Stages of stability in body control (7) - months

Answer 7

3 months = Tries to roll from supine to prone; maintains sitting position

5 months = Sits when holding external support

6 months = Rolls from supine to prone position; maintains stand with help

7 months = Achieves sit from prone or supine

8 months = Sits alone; rolls from prone to supine

9 - 10 months = Pulls self to stand

12 months = Stand unassisted

Question 8

Locomotion prone is (4)

Answer 8

1. Creeping
2. Crawling
3. Inefficient, highly variable arm and leg movements intended to propel the body forward
4. Body is dragged

Question 9

Creeping is

Answer 9

1. Can be Contralateral or homolateral pattern
2. Efficient form of prone locomotion
3. Body is elevated

Question 10

What is contralateral

Answer 10

Contralateral = left arm right leg, right arm left leg

Question 11

What is homolateral

Answer 11

Homolateral = left arm left leg, right arm right leg

Question 12

Locomotion upright is

Stages are of upright locomotion is… (6)

Answer 12

Walking

7 months = Crawls with slight trunk elevation; occasional forward movement

7-8 months = Initial crawling

8 months = Walks with considerable assistance

10 months = Walks laterally around

11 months = Walks when led

12 months = Walks unassisted

Question 13

What is Manipulation (3)

Definition…

Answer 13

Reaching
Grasping
Releasing

Use of the hands enables children to gather information about their environment

Question 14

What is early manipulation

Answer 14

reflexive

Question 15

Manipulation Phase 1 (4)

Answer 15

1. Simultaneous reaching and grasping
2. One handed reaching
3. Visual initiation of reach
4. Visual control of grasp

Question 16

Manipulation Phase 2 (4)

Answer 16

1. Differentiated reaching and grasping
2. Two-handed reaching
3. Visual initiation and guidance of the reach
4. Tactile control of grasp

Question 17

Stages of manipulation

Answer 17

Birth = Phase 1 reaching

1 month = Phase 1 reaching disappears

4 months = Phase 1 reaching reappears

4-5 months = Unable to receive multiple toys

5-6 months = Thumb used to oppose fingers in grasping

6 months = Receives two toys while storing one in other hand

6-8 months = Receives two toys while storing one in other hand