Unit 5 Flashcards
Historically, what was the embryo considered?
A parasite
Where the environment was protection for the developing embryo
What state is the mortality rate in the US and why
Pretty bad
Teen pregnancy
Drug/alcohol use
Lack of prenatal education
What does SFD, AFD and LFD stand for
SFD = Small for date AFD = Average for date LFD = Large for date
What do these terms refer to looking at
Looking at babies birth weight to see if there is problems
What does premature mean
Baby born early
Is the embryo recognisable?
No
Is the fetus recognisable?
Yes
What is the chance of survival at 7 months of gestation
50%
What is the chance at 8 months
90%
What is the chance at 9 months
99%
What is Teratogen
Environmental agent that causes harm to embryo/fetus
What is the Epigenetic period?
Is it general or specific?
Period of particular susceptibility to harm
Both
What is the general principle with teratogen
The earlier the exposure to a teratogen, the more significant the effect
What was thalidomide used for and what did it cause
Morning sickness
Made babies deformed
What is the second general principle
Hypoxia - effects cognitive ability
SFD
What prenatal complications does smoking have
Premature rupture of membranes
- Increased chance of spontaneous abortion
- Higher rates of stillbirth
- Intrauterine growth retardation
What are the behavioural effects of smoking
- Reduced mental alertness
- Reduced visual alertness
- Mother is less likely to breast feed
What do people think of exercising during pregnancy
- Exceeding 120 bpm is too much
2. Not good to start if you were not active before pregnancy
Physically active women who are pregnant can better deal with…
Labor pain
What are the ACOG guidelines to exercising when pregnant (6)
- Do not exercise to exhaustion
- Choose non-weight bearing activities
- Avoid abdominal trama
- Do not overheat
- Avoid high altitude exertion
6/ Resume regimen 4 -6 weeks postpartum
What are some maternal effects with exercises when pregnant
- Changes in core temperature - can effect the fetus
- HGH released - loosens the joints
- High heart rate - reduces blood flow to fetus
What is obesity
Someone with a bmi over 30
Obesity leads to a two to four times more risk of babies developing what
Brain and Spinal defects.
What is the main problem associated with obesity in the pregnant woman
Hypoxia = decrease availability for oxygen for the baby - difficult delivery
What is the grandmother effect
Malnutrition in mother which then has a baby daughter
Then daughter has daughter
Last daughter could have issues
What is malnutrition
Bad diet
It is generational
What happens if there is a reduction in folic acid in the diet
Spina bifida
What is spina bifida
Spinal cord is exposed
Paralysis may occur
What are the three types of drugs
Prescription
Non-prescription (OTC)
Recreational
What is the general rule behind drugs
The less drugs the better during pregnancy
Drugs have an affect on what is growing and developing the fastest during what period
Ingestion of the drug
What effects do prescription drugs have
- May damage growing or developing during time of ingestion
2. May affect fetus when intentions were to effect the mother e.g. thyroid medication
What are OTC usually considered as
What do they contain
Safe
Many chemicals that could be hazardous to pregnant women
What is a great example of a OTC which causes major problems for pregnant women
Aspirin
Causes hemoraging and still birth
What are obstetric drugs
drugs taken during child birth
What is the Leboya technique
water births
What is lemars technique
coaching the mother to distract her from pain
What is Fetal alcohol syndrome
Cluster of birth defects resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure
What does Fetal alcohol syndrome cause in children
- Characteristics of facial features
- Mental retardation
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- Retarded physical growth in stature, weight, head circumference
- IQ = 67
Whats the best way to stop FAS
Do not drink when pregnant
What is the chance of FAS if the mother actively drinks
40-50%
What are the effects of cocaine during pregnancy (4)
- 25% higher incidence of SGA
- Fetal brain damage
- Increased chance of miscarriage
- Increased risk for SIDS
What do “cocaine babies” exhibit (2)
- 5 times greater chance of mental retardation than general population
- Fine and gross motor deficiencies detectable beyond 2 years of age
What are the symptoms of the “cocaine baby”
Jittery
Irritable
Withdrawn
What is the research on Cannabis use during pregnancy (3)
- Little conclusive research
- No know obstetric complications
- Drug not thought to alter fetal growth
What 4 types of maternal diseases
What are the examples for each
Viral - Rubella, HIV
Parasitic - Toxoplasmosis
Hematological - Rh incompatibility
Endocrine - diabetes mellitus
What is Rubella also known as
German measles
What are some of the defects of Rubella
Growth/mental retardation Glaucoma Cataracts Bony lesions Hepatitis Cardiac anomalies Deafness **
What is HIV
What is unique with the disease on offspring
Human Immunodeficiency virus
Easily passed on to offspring by:
In utero
During delivery
Through breast milk
What does HIV cause in the child
Loss of milestones Failure to attain milestones Imparied brain growth Spasticity Muscle weakness Ataxia - lack of controlled movement
What are the two main problems with Toxoplasmosis in newborns
- Newborns will experience convulsions
2. Newborns will have motor problems
Steps of Rh factor incompatibility (5)
- Rh+ man , Rh- woman = Rh+ baby
- Rh+ blood escapes fetal circulation
- Rh+ blood in maternal circulation - treated as foreign
- 1st offspring unaffected
- Subsequent offspring will elicit antibody reaction
What is the mother given after the first delivery if there is Rh incompatibility
Rho Gam injection
What are some of the characteristics of Rh Incompatibility (4)
- Anemia
- Immature RBCs
- Edema
- Jaundice
What are some of the risks that may cause problems with child (4)
- If mother is over 35 during time of birth
- Already had a child with genetic disease
- Family history of genetic disease
- Medical history of genetic traits
What is amniocentesis
Needle through abdominal wall
When can genetic testing be done
15-20 weeks
When can Chorionic villus sampling be done
10-12 weeks
When can the Alpha fetoprotein blood test be done
What does it detect
15-20 weeks
If baby has neural tube defects or down syndrome
