Unit 12 Flashcards
Motor development is…
the study of changes in motor behaviour over the lifespan
Adult movement is more commonly studied than other age groups
False
The study of adulthood is important for…
Person and society reasons
What is Ageism
The negative view that many people have concerning advancing age and elderly people
Our ageing society has…
Risen
In 1960, how many Americans reached over 100
3000
In 2007 - 2011 how many Americans reached over 100
55000
In 2050, how many Americans will reach 100
2.7 - 5 million
Who is more likely to reach over 100, men or women
women
What is ageing… (3)
Irreversible and Inevitable change over time
Occurs in all organs
Exerts major influence over the function of organism
What shouldn’t ageing be
Negative view of the elderly
End stage
Irreversibly ill
Sitting in the corner staring at the window
What ageing isn’t
Dying Sick Poor Senile Sexless Hopeless Helpless
What declines with age
Cardiac output Maximum heart rate Vital capacity Maximum ventilation Muscle mass Muscle fiber length Nerve conductivity Brain mass
What increases with age
Blood pressure Total cholesterol Vascular resistance Osteoporosis Arthritis Heart disease
The aging cycle involves
Increase age = decrease exercise
Decrease physical abilities = increase fat
Feeling old = decrease stress, increase self esteem
Further decrease in physical activity
Physical deterioration
What are the cited impediments to decrease in activity
Age Income Time Motivation Residency Perception of effort required Obesity Perception of poor health Disability
What are societies expectations on age and physical activity
Age barriers
Age more severe than sex biases
What are the stages of Gallahues model from down to up
Infant reflexes Rudimentary movement Fundamental movement General movement Specific movement Specialised movement
What does exercise do for nursing home patients
Work capacity Resting heart rate HDL MaxVO2 Bone density Flexibility Muscle strength Mental outlook
Where does the ACSM position stand
Strongly supports regular exercise for older people
Improves muscle mass, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance, strength increases
Decrease in risk of many diseases
The ACSM thinks that exercise improves…
Bone health
Postural stability
Reduction in number of falls
Preservation of cognitive ability
Reduction in depression
Enhanced feelings of self control and efficacy
The Danish Longitudinal study shows that
Active elders demonstrated lower mortality
Fewer heart attacks
Lower hip fractures
More independent life
What happens to balance with age
Falls are more common
Balance is studied to determine its role in falling
Balance decline late in life and becomes conscious
When is postural sway refined
During childhood
What happens to postural sway in the 6th decade
What happens by the 8th decade
gradual decrease
Postural control looks like a 6 to 9 year old
Falls cause what…
Falls increase with…
More accidental deaths in elderly than anything else
Age
What are the causes of falling
Reduced vision
Less physical activity
Increased medication
Lower foot raise during walking
Who is more likely to fall… men or women
women
Who is more likely to suffer more from a fall
Men
What is the % of fractures in falls
Hip fractures occur in
What % of falls is due to tripping
5%
1% of all falls
53%
50% of elderly are hospitalised from hip fractures die within a year
True
Half of elderly who fall never regain functional walking
True
What are the two types of falls
Predispositional
Situational
What is Predispositional falling
What causes it
falling due to Inherent physiology or cognitive ability
Poor balance Declining flexibility Disease Reduced joint mobility Declining strength Slower reaction time Poor vision Difficulty walking
What is situational falling
What are the causes
Falling linked to surrounding environment
Alcohol Clothing Darkness Environmental obstacles Medication Rushing
What are the changes in gait patterns with age
Decrease in velocity, step length and step height
Decrease in power during push off phase
Increase in double support phase time = step width
More prone to making contact with flat foot
Greater tendency to out toe
Why do these changes occur
Decline in skeletal muscle
Decline in CNS
Behavioural changes = fear of falling, depression
Increase in disease
Decrease in physical activity
Driving accidents increase after…
Why
75 years old
Decrease in vision, reaction time, cognitive abilities
Increase in disease
Older drives are much more
Passive
Can ignore rights of way
Miss important traffic signals
Cause more damage from their accidents
Older drivers are involved in more accidents than younger drivers
False
What do older drivers have an increase in…
Anxiety of losing freedom of driving
What happens when older drivers lose their ability to drive
More difficult to stay engaged with society
Hard to maintain dignity
What is the mobility of consequences model
Decline in physical/mental abilities
Decline in skill = reduced driving
Mobility reduced
Reduced activities
Reaction time increases with age
False
Reaction time is..
The status of the CNS for cognitive function
Def = The interval from stimulus until beginning of response
Movement time is…
Examples
Def = The interval from the initiation of the movement until its termination
Short and simple - press a button
Sophisticated - running
Declines systematically in adults
The amount of decline in movement time is related to…
The complexity of the task
What are the reasons for decline in movement time in adulthood
Decrease number of functional neurons and muscle fibers
More intense neural stimulation required to make response
Older people sacrifice speed for accuracy
Older people train less in near maximal explosive effort
