unit 7a Flashcards
the processing of info into the memory system
encode
process of retaining encoded info overtime
storage
process of getting info out of memory sotrage
retrieval
processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural info processing for many functions
parallel processing
proposed three stages to explain memory formation
atkinson and and shiffrin
immediate and breif recording of sensory info in the memory system
sensory memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as 7 digits of a phone number while dialing, before info is stored or forgotten
short term memory
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system, includes skills, knowledge and experience
long term memory
challenged atkinson and came up with working memory
Baddeley
the newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information , and info retrieved from long term memory
working memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
explicit memory
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
effortful processing
unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned info such as word meaninings
automatic processing
retention independent of conscious recollection (aka nondeclarative)
implicit memory
momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli- image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
iconic memory
momentary sensory memory of auiditory stimuli. if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled in 3-4 seconds
echoic memory
organizing items into familiar , manageable units; often occurs automatically
chunking
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
mnemonics
broad concepts are divided into narrower concepts
hierarchies
tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice
spacing effect/ distributed rehersal
enhanced memory after retrieving , rather than rereading , info
testing effect
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of woods
shallow processing
encodes semantically, based on meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
deep processing
synaptic change after learning, increase in cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
longterm potentiation (LTP)
neural center in the lymbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
hippocampus
clean memories of emotionally significant events
flashbulb memory
person must retrieve info learned earlier, like on a fill-in-the-blank-test
recall
person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
recognition
person must asses the amount of time saved when learning a material again
relearning
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
mood congrument
tendency to recall the best the first and last items in a list
serial position effect
contributed to research about forgetting
william james
an inability to form new memories
anterograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve info from one’s past
retrograde amnesia
said that forgetting levels out
ebbinghous
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on old info recall
retroactive interference
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety inducing thoughts
repression
incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of an event
misinformation effect
attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced
source amnesia
