unit 7a

Question 1

the processing of info into the memory system

Answer 1

encode

Question 2

process of retaining encoded info overtime

Answer 2

storage

Question 3

process of getting info out of memory sotrage

Answer 3

retrieval

Question 4

processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural info processing for many functions

Answer 4

parallel processing

Question 5

proposed three stages to explain memory formation

Answer 5

atkinson and and shiffrin

Question 6

immediate and breif recording of sensory info in the memory system

Answer 6

sensory memory

Question 7

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as 7 digits of a phone number while dialing, before info is stored or forgotten

Answer 7

short term memory

Question 8

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system, includes skills, knowledge and experience

Answer 8

long term memory

Question 9

challenged atkinson and came up with working memory

Answer 9

Baddeley

Question 10

the newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information , and info retrieved from long term memory

Answer 10

working memory

Question 11

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Answer 11

explicit memory

Question 12

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 12

effortful processing

Question 13

unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned info such as word meaninings

Answer 13

automatic processing

Question 14

retention independent of conscious recollection (aka nondeclarative)

Answer 14

implicit memory

Question 15

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli- image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Answer 15

iconic memory

Question 16

momentary sensory memory of auiditory stimuli. if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled in 3-4 seconds

Answer 16

echoic memory

Question 17

organizing items into familiar , manageable units; often occurs automatically

Answer 17

chunking

Question 18

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Answer 18

mnemonics

Question 19

broad concepts are divided into narrower concepts

Answer 19

hierarchies

Question 20

tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice

Answer 20

spacing effect/ distributed rehersal

Question 21

enhanced memory after retrieving , rather than rereading , info

Answer 21

testing effect

Question 22

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of woods

Answer 22

shallow processing

Question 23

encodes semantically, based on meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Answer 23

deep processing

Question 24

synaptic change after learning, increase in cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

Answer 24

longterm potentiation (LTP)

Question 25

neural center in the lymbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Answer 25

hippocampus

Question 26

clean memories of emotionally significant events

Answer 26

flashbulb memory

Question 27

person must retrieve info learned earlier, like on a fill-in-the-blank-test

Answer 27

recall

Question 28

person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test

Answer 28

recognition

Question 29

person must asses the amount of time saved when learning a material again

Answer 29

relearning

Question 30

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

Answer 30

mood congrument

Question 31

tendency to recall the best the first and last items in a list

Answer 31

serial position effect

Question 32

contributed to research about forgetting

Answer 32

william james

Question 33

an inability to form new memories

Answer 33

anterograde amnesia

Question 34

an inability to retrieve info from one’s past

Answer 34

retrograde amnesia

Question 35

said that forgetting levels out

Answer 35

ebbinghous

Question 36

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

Answer 36

proactive interference

Question 37

the disruptive effect of new learning on old info recall

Answer 37

retroactive interference

Question 38

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety inducing thoughts

Answer 38

repression

Question 39

incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of an event

Answer 39

misinformation effect

Question 40

attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced

Answer 40

source amnesia