Unit 7 Test (Last one, get an A!) Flashcards
What years did Johnson’s Great Society last?
1964-1965
What was the Great Society?
A series of domestic programs created by LBJ
When was Johnson elected president?
1964
What did the 24th Amendment prohibit?
It prohibited both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlaw?
Discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion, and national orgin
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 end?
Segregation in public places
Who proposed the Civil Rights Act and who passed it?
Kennedy proposed, and LBJ passed it
What government agency did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 establish?
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Who was the archconservative republican candidate in the 1964 election and what did he oppose?
Barry Goldwater - civil rights
What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 aim to do?
Overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote
What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminate?
The poll taxes and literacy tests
What power did the Voting Rights of 1965 grant to federal examiners?
That they could get involved in areas with less than 50% voters registered
Who did Medicare benefit?
Mostly for people over 65, but also for some younger Americans with disabilities like ALS
T/F: Medicare covers everything
False: users typically have private insurance or public health plans as well
What do participants of Medicare have to pay?
Deductibles from their paychecks and part of coverage costs
What law expanded Medicaid?
Affordable Care Act
How is Medicaid managed?
Primarily by state governments, but it varies
Who does medicaid benefit?
Pregnant women and low-income citizens
How much do Medicaid participants pay for coverage?
Little to nothing
What law made the minimum wage increase from $1.25 to $1.60?
Minimum Wage Act
Who got new coverage under the Minimum Wage Act
Farm workers
What was the Minimum Wage Act an amendment to?
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
T/F: New Trier gets no federal money
False
What schools can apply for federal funds under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act?
All schools that comply with federal policies
Why was the elementary and secondary education act needed?
It benefited poor children by shortening the achievement gap (Schools with large proportions of poor students received more money)
What fraction of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act budget went to private schools?
12%
How were federal funds of the elementary and secondary education act administered?
Local officials
What modern law revisited the Elementary and Second Education Act?
No Child Left Behind Act
What six programs were started by the National Endowment for the Arts?
Music, Dance, Literature, Visual Arts, Theatre and Education
What president tried to abolish the National Endowment for the Arts?
Reagan
What president tried to defund the National Endowment of the Arts?
Trump
Why was the National Endowment for the Arts controversial among conservatives?
For its offensive arts
What was more contentious for conservatives: the National Endowment for the Arts or the National Endowment for the Humanities?
National Endowment for the Arts
What president tried to stop the National Endowment for the Humanities?
Trump
What president made sure the National Endowment for the Humanities continued?
Biden
Who runs the National Endowment for the Humanities?
A Native American woman named Shelly Lowe
What are 2 examples of projects under the national endowment for the humanities?
An exhibit about King Tut and a Civil War documentary by Ken Burns
How much federal aid was allocated to urban mass transit under the Urban Mass Transportation Act?
$375 million
What agency did the Urban Mass Transportation Act create?
The Federal Transit Administration
What were the 2 most famous systems established by the Urban Mass Transportation Act?
Metro DC and San Francisco
What do many people say about the Urban Mass Transportation Act?
That America did not go far enough
What did the Wilderness Preservation Act designate?
9.1 million acres of federal land as “wilderness” areas
What did designating a federal land as a “wilderness” area prohibit?
Future roads, buildings, or commercial use
Who wrote the Wilderness Preservation Act?
Howard Zahniser of the Wilderness Society
What did the Immigration Act repeal?
The 1924 quota system
What did the Immigration Act allow for?
More non-European immigration
What president revisited immigration policy after the Great Society?
Reagan
What was Reagan’s immigration act?
Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA or Simpson-Mazzoli Act) in 1986
What was Operation Rolling Thunder
A bombing against North Vietnam authorized by LBJ in 1965
What did Operation Rolling Thunder attempt to do
Make North Vietnam give up
What did Operation Rolling Thunder really do?
Enraged North Vietnam and increased their determination
Who was involved in Operation Rolling Thunder?
McNamara
How did North Vietnam come back from Operation Rolling Thunder?
Rebuild infrastructure and moved munitions plants underground
What happened at the Gulf of Tonkin?
A confrontation between USS Maddox and North Vietnam gunboats
T/F: The Maddox was damaged greatly
False: it only had one bullet hole
What was the second attack at the Gulf of Tonkin?
A radar mistake, not a real attack
How many senators voted against the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
2
What did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution do?
Gave the president almost unlimited authority in Vietnam War
When was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution terminated?
In 1970 after the US invasion of Cambodia
Who was George Wallace?
The last great segregationist who wanted to repeal Brown, and tried to stop the federal government from desegregating the University of Alabama
What election did George Wallace run in and for what party?
He ran for the 3rd party in 1968
How much of the popular vote did Wallace get?
13%
Who competed in the 1968 election?
Nixon, Humphrey, Wallace
What did George Wallace call for?
“Law and order”
What did George Wallace attack?
Welfare
When was the Equal Pay Act passed?
1963
What did the Equal Pay Act establish?
The idea of equal pay for work
What helped advocate for the Equal Pay Act?
Trade-union women helped a lot in passing the Equal Pay Act
What was the Feminine Mystique?
A book written by Betty Friedan that was intended for middle-class women who were stay-at-home moms
What the Feminine Mystique criticize?
Domesticity, saying that women needed to get an education and work outside the home to have fulfilling lives
What did existentialism believe?
That control of your life is based on the individual; you don’t exist until you make your existence
What view is the opposite of existentialism?
Judeo-Christian views
How did existentialism influence abortion policy?
It said that a fetus is not a human being
What do existentialists NOT base their identity upon?
Gender, religion, and race
How does existentialism create concern among conservatives?
The ignorance of gender, religion, and race makes conservatives think the world is going to hell
What caused anger relating to the energy crisis?
Big lines and high pricing at gas pumps due to an increasing dependence on oil imported from abroad
Why did Americans and policymakers in Washington worry little about a dwindling supply or a spike in prices?
They believed that Arab oil exporters couldn’t afford to lose the revenue from the US market
What caused the oil shortage?
An oil embargo was imposed by members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) which led to fuel shortages and sky-high prices throughout much of the decade
What does OPEC stand for?
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
What was the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries?
A multinational organization that was established to coordinate the petroleum policies of its members and to provide member states with technical and economic aid
What did the book Silent Spring provide?
The impetus (motivation) for tighter control of pesticides
What did Silent Spring document?
The many harmful effects pesticides have on the environment
In Silent Spring, what did Carson argue pesticides should be called and why?
“Biocides,” because of their impact on organisms other than the target pests
Which president was big on environmentalism?
Nixon
What does EPA stand for?
Environmental Protection Agency
Who proposed the establishment of the EPA?
Richard Nixon
What does the EPA conduct?
Environmental assessments, research, and education
What does the EPA have a responsibility to do?
Maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws, in consultation with state, tribal, and local governments
What shocked the population in regard to economic recession?
Unions declined and pensions disappeared
What was stagflation?
Persistent high inflation combined with high unemployment and stagnant demand in a country’s economy
What did the manufacturing belt become known as?
The Rust Belt
Where was there a flow of migration to and from as a result of deindustrialization?
From the Northeast and Midwest to the South and the West (Sun Belt)
What did US companies do to trigger deindustrialization?
Began to shut down their plants in high-wage areas and relocated them to newly industrialized, cheap labor areas of South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore
What did Proposition 13 do?
Lower taxes in California
What did Proposition 13 require?
A two-thirds majority in both legislative houses for future increases of any state tax rates or amounts of revenue collected, including income tax rates
What was the War Powers Act?
A federal law intended to check the US president’s power to commit the US to an armed conflict without the consent of the US Congress; essentially, to limit executive power
Why was the Freedom of Information Act made?
Because people were suspicious as a result of the Watergate scandal and wanted to be able to get their own information
What did the Freedom of Information Act require?
The full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased or uncirculated information and documents controlled by the US government, state or other public authority upon request.
What did the Ethics in Government Act restrict?
Government employees getting extra money, to prevent them from being swayed by lobbyists
What did the Ethics in Government Act create?
Mandatory, public disclosure of the financial and employment history of public officials as well as their immediate families
What restrictions were created as a part of the Ethics in Government Act?
Restrictions in lobbying efforts by public officials for a set period after leaving public office
What did opponents of the ERA assert?
That an ERA would end legal distinctions between men and women in matters of divorce, property, employment, and other matters
Why was Phyllis Schlafly a hypocrite?
Because she said that women should stay at home even though she herself was a successful lawyer
What did Phyllis Schlafly call her political career?
A hobby, and claimed that her true calling was to be a housewife
What was STOP ERA?
A campaign led by Phyllis Schlafly to stop the passing of an Equal Rights Amendment
What did Roe v. Wade give people the right to?
Abortion
What do many Christians and Catholics view abortion as?
Murder
How did the Roe decision extend the right of privacy?
Set the standard that a women’s right to abortion is a matter of personal privacy
What was Stonewall?
A gay bar where there was a large riot and violence, which sparked the gay rights movement
What effect did the counterculture of the 1960s have on Harvey Milk?
It caused him to shed many of his conservative views about individual freedom and the expression of sexuality
How many kids grew up in a divorced household?
40%
What was more common in marital culture?
To be divorced
What new concept of children did the high divorce rate create?
The latchkey kid
What caused the wage stagnation?
Wage stopped rising despite inflation, companies didn’t have enough money
What was the result of wage stagnation?
The middle class got smaller
Why was there a rise in female workers?
Families needed 2 incomes to support (made wage cuts for men)
What was the sexual revolution?
More freedom in sexuality, also more equality between the genders, but some feminists argue it did the opposite and that free sex was for the benefit of men
What question did the sexual revolution spur?
Sexual identities in families
What did the sexual revolution go against?
Traditional family values
What genre of music emerged in the 70s?
Rap
T/F: Rap built on urban tradition
True: artists are continuously building on prior music styles and artists
What change did the movie industry need to make with the sexual revolution?
Rating system (pg, r, etc.)
What values did new evangelicalism support?
Nuclear family, traditional gender roles
What are 2 ways in which religion spread?
TV preaching and crusades like Billy Graham’s in Madison Square
What president did the evangelists elect?
Jimmy Carter, a Christian
How were the hostages from the Iranian hostage crisis remembered by ordinary citizens?
Yellow ribbons were tied around trees
What did Ruckelshaus believe regarding environmentalistm?
That people should give back to the environment and that it is an urgent race with time
What did Reagan believe regarding environmentalism?
That it would fix itself if they stopped restricting companies that could come up with a solution
Why was Reagan opposed to environmentalism?
He only wanted to deal with it in a “creative” way that would not hurt American business
What was the Watergate scandal?
5 people hired by Nixon to break into Democratic National Committee HQ to help his election
What is CREEP and how was it connected to Watergate?
Committee to Reelect the President (Nixon’s official reelection campaign organization)–two masterminds of the Watergate break-in worked for CREEP
T/F: Nixon took responsibility for the Watergate scandal
False, he covered it up with hush money and stopping FBI investigation
Who pardoned Nixon?
Gerald Ford, which was controversial and helped Jimmy Carter win
What was passed in response to Watergate?
The War Powers Act
What was the War Powers Act?
Gave Freedom of Information Act (access to federal records) and limited executive/presidential powers–couldn’t declare war without Congress’ consent
Who were the Watergate babies?
Democrats who eliminated HUAC, reduced the number of votes for filibuster, decentralized power in Washington, and brought greater government transparency
What was NOW (National Organization of Women)
Largest feminist organization today, helped enforce Civil Rights Act to add sex to the included protections
How did media change perception of Vietnam?
People saw death on TV at home–LBJ hiding bad things
What was the outcome of the election of 1980?
Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in a landslide (50.7 vs 41.0 of the popular vote)
Why did Jimmy Carter have sinking popularity before the 1980 election?
The floundering economy and “ineffectual and weak” responses to Soviet expansion and the Iranian hostage crisis
Reagan was considered the father of __________?
The modern Republican party
Why is the modern-day Republican party known as the “religious party”?
Reagan himself was not as religious, but he won the support of many conservative, religious voters
What type of people made up the Religious Right?
Politically active religious conservatives, especially Catholics and evangelical Christians
What did the Religious Right advocate against?
Feminism, abortion, and homosexuality
Who established the Moral Majority?
Jerry Falwell, a televangelist who also founded Liberty University and was the host of the Old Time Gospel Hour television program
How did the Moral Majority transform New Evangelicalism?
The group acted as an organizational vehicle, transforming New Evangelicalism into a religious political movement
Who were the Reagan Democrats?
Blue-collar voters, many of which were Catholic and living in industrialized midwestern states
Why did the Reagan Democrats look to Reagan for leadership?
They were tired of the constant unemployment & layoffs and felt alienated by the direction of liberalism in the 1970s
What were many of the Reagan Democrats also identified as?
The “silent majority” that Nixon had swung into the Republican fold
What was the central scandal under Carter’s administration?
The Iranian hostage crisis
What caused the Iranian hostage crisis?
Iranian college students seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran, taking sixty-six Americans hostage, and demanded that the deposed Shah, an undemocratic ruler installed with American backing in 1954, be returned from cancer treatment in the US to face trial in Iran
What was President Carter’s response to the Iranian hostage crisis?
He refused to return the Shah, suspended arms sales to Iran, and froze Iranian assets in US banks
What humiliating things happened as a result of Carter’s decisions in the Iranian hostage crisis?
Pictures of the hostages were televised nationally, embarrassing Carter. The hostages were kept for 444 days and released the day after Carter left office, a final humiliating blow.
What anti-Soviet fighter did the US support in Afghanistan, in 1979?
Osama Bin Laden
What happened to the economic divide as a result of Reaganomics?
Rich got richer and the poor got poorer
What type of economics characterized Reaganomics?
Trickle-down/supply-side economics
When and what were the tax cuts associated with Reaganomics?
The Economic Recovery Tax Act (ERTA) of 1981, and the Tax Reform Act of 1986
What was the idea behind supply-side economics and the tax cuts in 1981 and 1986?
Tax cuts encourage business investment (supply) and stimulate individual consumption (demand)
What was the reality/result of the tax cuts of 1981 and 1986?
In reality, it only created a massive federal budget deficit
Why did Reagan have such a big federal budget deficit?
Tons of military spending
What president contradicted the idea that Democrats are the ones who create federal budget deficits?
Clinton–he was the lat president who actually had a surplus
Besides tax cuts, what other economic policy was key to Reaganomics?
Deregulation in federal regulatory agencies
Why did Reagan promote deregulation?
Excessive regulation was believed to impede economic growth
What actions did deregulation policies include?
They cut budgets of federal regulatory agencies like the Department of Labor and EPA and staffed them with leaders who opposed the agencies’ mission
How does deregulation impact our mental health today?
It has resulted in adverse mental health effects as we don’t have a strong mental health support system due to Reagan’s deregulation policies
Sandra Day O’Connor was the first __________.
Woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court
T/F: Sandra Day O’Connor’s appointment by Reagan made the Supreme Court extremely right-leaning
False: she was often a swing vote between liberals and conservatives, making the Court more centrist
What was HIV/AIDS?
A deadly disease that killed nearly 100,000 in the US in the 1980s and 30 million worldwide, to date
Who were the earliest carriers of HIV/AIDS
Gay men
What did Reagan’s presidential advisors assert about HIV/AIDS?
They asserted that this “gay disease” was divine retribution against homosexuality
Was the Reagan administration quick to respond to the HIV/AIDS crisis?
No, the Reagan administration had a slow, ineffectual response that was likely the result of New Right conservatives’ influence on Reagan
What was Reagan’s 1984 campaign slogan?
“Morning in America”
What political mythology did “Morning in America” reflect?
An idea that the sun was forever coming up on an optimistic nation of small towns, close-knit families, and kindly neighbors
Did the reality of the nation align with the ideal promoted by “Morning in America”?
No, there was a harsh divide between urban and suburban, and hard-knock capitalism held down as many as it elevated
“Morning in America” demonstrated what remarkable ability Reagan held?
It demonstrated Reagan’s remarkable ability to produce positive associations with his messaging
What future president emerged as a money mogul celebrity in the 1980s?
Donald Trump
What belief did the rise of Donald Trump and the celebrity demonstrate?
The belief that anyone could become rich
Who did America’s New Gilded Age celebrate?
Self-made entrepreneurs that Reagan called “heroes for the eighties,” such as Lee Iacocca, who rose through the ranks to become president of Ford and Chrysler
Who were the more unconventional figures that captured the public imagination during the New Gilded Age?
High-profile financial wheeler-dealers like Ivan Boesky, a white-collar criminal convicted of insider trading
Watergate is to Nixon as __________ is to Reagan.
The Iran-Contra Affair
What was the Iran-Contra Affair?
The US secretly sold arms to Iran, despite an embargo, in exchange for its efforts to secure the release of hostages held in Lebanon. The US then used proceeds to fund Contras in Nicaragua
Who was Oliver North?
US Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, an aide to the National Security Council, who took responsibility for the illegal sale of arms and did not implicate Reagan
T/F: Despite being convicted, Oliver North went down as a hero among conservatives, who saw him as a patriot
True!
Who was the young Russian leader that established a warm, personal rapport with Reagan?
Mikhail Gorbachev
What is perestroika?
Economic reform
What is glasnost?
Openness
What did Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika and glasnost encourage?
Criticism of the rigid, authoritarian institutions of the Communist regime
What did the easing tensions with Reagan allow Gorbachev to do?
Press forward with domestic reforms in Russia
Why did Reagan scare many conservatives with his relationship with Gorbachev?
His reversal of approach to the Soviet Union made conservatives worried that their cowboy-hero president was duped by Gorbachev, but Reagan’s gamble paid off
What did Reagan’s assertion that we must “trust but verify” refer to?
Foreign policy with the Soviet Union–we must make sure that we know exactly what the Soviets are doing
What event in 1989 marked the end of the Cold War?
The fall of the Berlin Wall, and by extension, the fall of the iron curtain over Europe
Who was inspired by the loosening control in Russia?
Eastern and Central European peoples who began to protest their own Communist governments
What was abolished in 1967, and meant that people in college could no longer avoid the Vietnam Draft?
The Selective Service System
T/F: From the very beginning, LBJ asserted that American soldiers would be used in Vietnam
False: very early on, LBJ said American soldiers wouldn’t be used in Vietnam
What would people do to get out of the Vietnam Draft?
Enlisting in National Guard, applying for conscientious objector status, leaving for Canada or Sweden
What did people do to demonstrate their opposition of the Vietnam Draft?
They burned draft cards or even broke into Selective Service offices. Not many did this, but those who did were very public.
What was the major economic class that soldiers came from?
Poor people were usually the ones who went to fight in the war, the rich avoided it
What event was a major turning point in the Vietnam War?
The Tet Offensive
What was the Tet Offensive?
A campaign of attacks launched in South Vietnam in January 1968 by the North Vietnamese and Vietcong
How did the Tet Offensive impact the American domestic view of the war?
It began the decline of American support as citizens saw television broadcasts of American troops failing to win against the Vietnamese
T/F: The Tet Offensive was a massive giant strategic success for North Vietnam and the Vietcong
False: it was not actually a massive strategic success
Where was My Lai?
It was a village in South Vietnam
What happened at the My Lai Massacre?
US army troops killed almost 500 innocent villagers, almost all women + children
Who finally exposed the My Lai Massacre, after it was hidden for almost a year?
Seymour Hersh exposed it in the St Louis Post-Dispatch
Did all the soldiers involved get in trouble for the My Lai Massacre?
No, the only soldier who got in trouble was William Calley—people thought he was a scapegoat
What organization was considered the heart of the New Left Movement, and strongly related to the Free Speech Movement?
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Where was SDS centered?
The University of Michigan
What were McNamara’s 4 reasons for US not winning war?
Failure to understand the enemy, Failure to see the limits of high-tech weapons, Failure to tell the truth to the people, Failure to grasp the nature of the threat of communism
What statement did SDS member Tom Hayden write?
the “Port Huron Statement”
T/F: Nixon was impeached
False: he resigned before he could be impeached
What were students disillusioned with in the “Port Huron Statement”
They were disillusioned with consumerism, the gap between rich and poor, and Cold War foreign policy
What did Kissinger believe about Soviet relations?
He thought compromise was possible with USSR with detente policy
What did Kissinger do at the Paris Peace Talks?
He accepted the presence of North Vietnamese troops in South Vietnam; in turn, North Vietnam agreed that the South Vietnamese government in Saigon would temporarily stay in power
What did the “Port Huron Statement” support?
It supported a more participatory democracy, more inclusivity and equity, and disarmament
What was Kissinger’s relationship with Nixon?
He was his national security advisor
Who were the Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)?
Conservative students that defended free enterprise and supported the war in Vietnam
Who is Bob Dylan?
Folk singer who expressed political radicalism
What did Bob Dylan’s Blowin in the Wind reflect?
The impatience of people whose faith in America was wearing thin
What statement was written by the YAF two years before the “Port Huron Statement”
The “Sharon Statement” that outlined ideals such as limited government and traditional morality
Who were the Beatles?
British band, kind of parallel with counterculture (peace and love), led rise of british music and other bands like Rolling Stones
What 2 assassinations led to the fracture of the Democratic party?
MLK by James Earl Ray and RFK by Sirhan Sirhan
Why did the SDS, and other radical students, call themselves the New Left?
They wanted to distinguish themselves from the “Old Left”–the communists and socialists of FDR’s era
What distinguished Eisenhower supporters from the conservatives of the New Right?
Eisenhower was a moderate, often called a liberal Republican, who supported the New Deal, containment overseas, and steered a middle course on social change
Republicans favored him in the two decades after WWII, and the conservative faction of the Republican electorate remained out of power.
Who was considered the early pioneer of the New Right?
Barry Goldwater
Who endorsed the New Right?
Evangelical Christians and conservatives (often went hand in hand)
What were hippies?
Middle-class whites w/o a political drive, who liked sex and drugs; “flower children”
Where were hippies primarily located?
Urban areas, like the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco
What were hippies/counterculture against?
Nuclear family and traditional family roles, materialism, consumerism, and conformity
What did hippies/counterculture support?
Freedom, peace, love, harmony
What did the protests of the hippie/counterculture movement center around?
Students would protest against war and would advocate for environmentalism
What was the idea of “flower power”?
The idea was to value nature, love, and environmentalism over war, often shown with doves, an anti-war symbol
What was Woodstock?
A 3-day music festival that took place in Bethel, New York
As Thomas shared in class, what was there a lot of at Woodstock?
Hallucinogenic drugs like LSD (and rock music!)
T/F: Though it had large crowds and limited resources, there was a sense of community and little violence at Woodstock
True!
What did Nixon sign with Soviet Premier Brezhnev to resolve tensions over Cuba and Berlin?
The first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I), a symbolic step to ending the Cold War arms race
Who was the first sitting US president to visit China?
Nixon
What did Nixon seek with his policy of detente?
Nixon sought a lessening of tensions with the Soviet Union and a new openness with China; “keep your friends close, but your enemies closer”
How did Nixon achieve his goals of detente?
He achieved focused on issues of common concern such as arms control and trade
Who was the Mayor of Chicago during the 1968 Democratic National Convention?
Richard J. Daley
What did Major Daley do at the 1968 Democratic National Convention?
Daley sent police to fight the anti-war Democratic protestors
Who was nominated as president at the 1968 Democratic National Convention?
Pigasus (a pig and an artifact on the wall!)
What group was among the anti-war demonstrators at the 1968 Democratic National Convention?
The Yippies (Youth International Party)
What was part of the Education Amendments of 1972, and broadened the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Title IX
What did Title IX ensure?
Title IX guaranteed women equal access and treatment in all educational institutions receiving federal funding
T/F: Title IX also eliminated male-only institutions
False: it did NOT eliminate male-only institutions, but guaranteed women access to the same educational opportunities as men otherwise
What influence did Title IX have on sports?
It helped female athletics gain prominence
What was the divide among racial lines known as the great split in feminism?
White women vs Chicana and Black Women
Why was the great split in feminism created?
White feminist organizations such as NOW rarely addressed concerns of women of color
T/F: Black and Chicana feminists completely broke off from the larger women’s rights movement
False: Black and Chicana feminists did embrace the larger movement for women’s rights but also addressed the specific needs of their communities
What did the quilt in the Duberman primary source depict?
Each quilt celebrated the life of one of the artist’s friends who were lost to HIV/AIDS
How does the Duberman primary source relate to “shifting seats”?
It takes courage to “step out of your seat,” to come out in a world that is not yet comfortable with your identity
Who was the author of the Johnson primary source?
Earvin “Magic” Johnson was a basketball player, one of the most prominent figures who revealed his HIV status to the public and was then appointed to the HIV/AIDS Commission
What did Johnson express in his letter to President Bush?
Disappointment about the Bush administration’s lack of attention to the issue (Bush followed Reagan in treatment of the HIV/AIDS crisis)
How do the Ruckelshaus and Reagan’s primary sources contrast each other in terms of perspective on environmentalism?
Ruckelshaus frames environmentalism as a global, pressing issue while Reagan says that it’s up to the states, pushing the issue to the side and placing the economy as the more important focus
What crisis did US support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War cause?
The energy crisis, which was retaliation from Arab countries
What were Robert McNamara’s 4 reasons for the US not winning the war?
Failure to understand the enemy
Failure to see the limits of high-tech weapons
Failure to tell the truth to the people
Failure to grasp the nature of the threat of communism
