Unit 5 Test Flashcards
What was progressivism
The idea of increased regulation, especially in banking and regulations for workers
What laws regulate the conduct and organization of businesses to promote competition and prevent unjustified monopolies
Antitrust legislations
What is the FDA
A federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services
What is the FDA responsible for?
protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food, drug, cosmetic, and medical safety
What is the regulatory agency in the US created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
the Interstate Commerce Commission
What was the purpose of the ICC
regulate railroads, trucking, and other common carriers to ensure fair rates and eliminate rate discrimination
What type of power was used in imperialism?
Hard Power
What type of force did Hard Power use?
Military force
What race did Americans view as inferior, and could not rule themselves
The Philippines
What sold the Philippines to the US for $20 million
Treaty of Paris
What did the Jones Act of 1916 do
committed US to Philippine independence, but with no date
What disrupted a US affair
Struggle between Cuba and Spain for Cuban independence
What war was a product of Cuban independence
War of 1898
What did the Teller Amendment reassure Americans
that their country would respect the political independence of other nations
What president was against the Teller amendment
McKinley
How did the War of 1989 end?
Peace agreement freeing Cuba, and giving Puerto Rico and Guam to the US
What did the Platt Amendment prohibit Cuba fro doing?
making a treaty with any other country than the US, and allow the US to intervene in Cuban affairs
What area did the US acquire in the Platt Amendment
Guantanamo Bay
What was the maine
A ship that sank in Havana and contributed to the start of war of 1898
What was the phrase that contributed to start the war of 1898
Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain
T/F: Cuba did not sink the Maine
True
How did the Maine really sink?
A mechanical accident
What resolution annexed Hawaii?
Newlands Resolution
What territory did Americans, as the Aryan race, feel they needed to ‘rescue’
Hawaii
What was the Secretary of State under Lincoln
Seward
What was the name for Alaska
Seward’s icebox
What did Alaska act as in terms of Europe?
A mid-point
What was the midpoint between the US and the Philippines
Hawaii
What was the common stance of Alaska?
Seward was crazy to try to purchase it
t/f: Alaska had very little resources due to its cold and barren landscape
False
What did Seward see access to global markets as?
Key to international power
How much was Alaska purchased for and from who?
Russia for $7.2 million
What 2 territories were given to the US as a result of the war of 1898
Guam and Puerto Rico
What social theory contributed to American exceptionalism
Social Darwinism
What idea was “evidence” to social darwinism
Eugenics
What was social darwinism?
survival of the fittest
What theory, dating back to the Puritans, justifies racism
City on a Hill
What does “City on a Hill” believe
those on top of the social order are there because they are the “best”
What book encouraged American annexation and colonization of the Philippine Island?
“White Man’s Burden”
Who wrote the white man’s burden
Kipling
What supreme court case constitutionalized “separate but equal”
Plessy vs. Ferguson
What resulted of Plessy Vs. Ferguson
Racial segregation
What were segregated as of 1896
railroad cars and other public facilities
What president was imperialistic toward Latin America?
Theodore Roosevelt
What theory would social darwinists also believe in?
Great Man Theory
What was the White Man’s Burden poem written about
the Philippine-American war
who said “speak softly, but use a big stick”
Theodore Roosevelt
how was Roosevelt always photographed?
Always looking tough, and never showing his disability
What role did Theodore Roosevelt have during the War of 1898?
Stormed Cuba, one of the Rough riders
Who founded the national parks?
Theodore Roosevelt
What stated that the US would control all of the Caribbean?
Roosevelt Corollary
T/F: The Roosevelt corollary was merely a declaration?
True
What 2 things did the Roosevelt Corally allow the US to do?
right to regulate affairs, and “Mess with” Mexico when necessary
Who created Yellow journalists?
William Randolph Hearst
What did Yellow Jounalists do?
Turn Cuba’s plight into a cause célèbre
T/F: Yellow Journalists were very truthful
False - it was basically propoganda
Who participated in the Boxer Rebellion?
A secret society of Chinese nationalists, known as “Boxers”
What did “Boxers” rebel against
Foreign occupation
Where did the Boxer Rebellion take place
China
What did US do as a result of the Boxer Rebellion
sent 5000 troops to join a multinational campaign to break the nationalist’s siege of European offices in Beijing
What policy did U.S. involvement in the Boxer rebellion start
“open door” policy
Who claimed equal trade for all nations seeking to do business in China
Secretary of State, John Hay
What did Hay revise his open door policy to become?
territorial and administrative identity
What did the second open door policy ensure
a legal fiction of an independent China survived, and Americans could claim equal access to its market
What party did Roosevelt make to run in the Election of 1912
Bull Moose Party
Who did Roosevelt oppose in the 1912 election?
Woodrow Wilson, and Republican William Howard Taft
Why was the Bull Moose Party given its name?
characteristics of strength and vigor, often used to describe Roosevelt.
What did Jim Crow laws do?
ensure repressive racism and poverty
What were Jim Crow Laws named after
a character making fun of a silly black person, named Jim Crow
What drew people to the cities during the Great Migration
WWI created economic opportunities, in well-paid work in war industries
how many migrated from the south to the north in WWI
400,000
What came from African American’s, free from a Jim Crow South, taking war jobs
patriotic pride
What was redlining?
forcing African Americans to live on the Southside
What could kill the enemy underground, behind cover, or force them into the open
Grenades
What is the other term for Grenades
“Hand Bombs”
What were German stick grenades called and why
potato mashers because of their shape
What were utilized for dropping tactical bombs, and aimed at both civilian and industrial areas
Airplanes
What were airplanes originally used for in WWI?
reconnaissance, gathering Information beyond enemy trenches, taking photos of enemy positions
Did WWI see the first air-to-air combat
Yes
What war weapon was used to run people over
Tanks
Where were tanks first developed
Britain
What were tanks first called?
“Landships
What was the hope that tanks would do?
end stalemate trench warfare
What were tanks originally designed to do?
cross over & capture enemy trenches
What was the name, to maintain secrecy, of tanks
“Water Tanks”
In what battle were tanks first used
Battle of Somme
T/F: Tanks were unsuccessful in their first battle.
True!
Even though the tanks malfunctioned, what advantage did it provide the British over the Germans
Psychological advantage
What part of the tank was later added?
rotatable turret
Who designed the rotatable turret
France
What was a defensive protection in trenches that was used to trap soldiers?
Barbed Wire
What did barbed wire attempt to channel enemy forces into
“kill zones” covered with machine guns and artillery
T/F: The barbed wire was one of the most effective low-tech weapons of WWI
True
What was barbed wire at first used for?
keeping animals - dehumanization of war DBQ! He’ll love it.
What weapon did people have to use masks to defend themselves
poison gas
T/F: Poison gas was not lethal, and just made people pass out
False
What was the first poisonous gas used in WW1, who invented it and when
Chlorine gas, Germans, 1915
What units were trained in offense and defensive gas warfare
Chemical Warfare Units
Was chemical warfare banned?
Yes
Where was chemical warfare banned
Geneva protocol of 1925
How were flame throwers used
gas tanks strapped to soldiers back, and they ignited the gas to make a flame
T/F: Flamethrowers were invented in WW1
False
Who first used flamethrowers
Germans
How did germans use flame throwers at first?
Shower enemy with burning liquid and flush out otherwise unassailable troops
What was the downfall of flamethrowers?
Short range limited effectiveness
What were flame throwers used before?
infantry attack
How did soldiers evade flame throwers
Leaped from safe positions into enemy gunfire, out of fear of being set on fire
What was the name for German submarines
U-boats
What is the root of the U-boats
Unterseeboot- “Undersea Boat”
How did germans use U-boats strategically
main strategy for Germany to fight Britain’s advanced navy and battleships
What were U-boats armed with
torpedoes
How were torpedoes on U-boats used?
Sneak up on enemy ships and destroy them
What was the most famous U-boat attack
on the passenger ship, the Lustiania
What weapon was able to mow down enemies quickly and in great numbers
Machine gun
What was there no need for when using machine guns?
to aim
How many rounds a minute could machine guns fire
450-600
When was the machine gun invented
1884
Where were early versions of the machine gun used?
civil War
Who invented the machine gun?
Hiram S. Maxim
What referred to the digging of tunnels beneath enemy trenches, then igniting large charges of explosives
Land mining
What was the downfall of landmines?
required large numbers of men in specialist mining units, and enormous quantities of explosives.
What weapon were projectiles that broke apart midair and scatter smaller munitions over a large area
Cluster bombs
What war was cluster bombs first used in?
WWII, 2 not 1!
Why were cluster bombs controversial?
high failure rate, devastating consequences for civilians
Who typically carried cluster bombs?
Fighters and medium bombers
What ship was sunk by a German U-boat off the coast of Ireland
Lustania
What was the Lusitania, and what did it secretly hold?
British luxury passenger ship/munitions
How many people were killed on the Lusitania, and how many were Americans
1,200/128
What did the sinking of the Lustiania prompt Wilson to do?
reconsider options an indorse a $1 billion military buildup
T/F: the sinking of the Lusitania was the reason for American involvement in WWI
False
What was the Eastern Front?
One of two major military zones at the beginning of WWI
Who fought on the Eastern Front?
Germany and Austria-Hungary fought Russia
What caused peace on the Eastern front
Bolshevik (Communist) revolution in Russia, new government arranged a peace treaty with Central Powers
What did peace on the Eastern Front allow Germans to do,
launch a major offensive on the Western front
What was the Western Front?
One of the two major military zones at the beginning of WWI
Who fought on the Western Front
Germany against the British and the French
Did the western lines change a lot, or was it in a stalemate
A stalemate
What years was there a stalemate on the Western Front
1914-1918
Why was there a stalemate on the Western Front
Both sides hunkered down in trenches
What did the stalemate at the Western front allow Germany to do
resume unrestricted submarine warfare
What happened as a result of Germany’s unrestricted warfare in 1917
Wilson broke off diplomatic relations with germany
What eventually broke the stalemate on the Western front?
Influx of American troops and supplies
What message initiated US entry into the war
Zimmermann Telegram
What caused the Zimmerman telegram to affect the nation
publications by American newspapers
What was the Zimmerman Telegram?
An intercepted dispatch from German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman to his minister in Mexio
What did the Zimmerman telegram urge Mexico to do
join the central powers
What did Zimmerman promise Mexico if they joined the Central Powers
They would help them recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
What killed more soldiers than gunfire
Influenza pandemic, or yellow fever
Where was the influenza pandemic first discovered
in military personnel
How many died as a result of the influenza pandemic
50 million
Over what years did the Influenza pandemic last
1918-1920
What law was a threat on freedom of speech
Sedition Act of 1918
What did the sedition act make a crime
to criticize the war or government
What was the Sedition Act of 1918 similar to?
Patriots banning the freedom of speech of loyalists
What did the Sedition Act of 1918 reflect in Wilson?
his obsession with suppressing wartime dissent
What other law, that defined treason loosely, led to the conviction of more than a thousand people?
Espionage Act of 1917
How much in reparations was Germany forced to pay in the treaty of versailles
$33 billion
What else, outside of reparations, were imposed on Germany as a part of the Treaty of Versailles
surrender resources and territory, and assigning them sole responsibility for the war
What did the treaty of versailles lead to
WWII
What was “one of history’s greatest catastrophes”
Treaty of Versailles
T/F: The Treaty of Versailles was rejected by the US senate
True
What argument was a major part of Wilson’s Fourteen points
no one should be declared victor, “peace among equals”
What part of the fourteen points did Britain and France disagree with
that no one should be victor
What were the fourteen points used for?
a basis for peace negotiations at Versailles
What did most of the 14 points actually discuss?
Colonial possessions, but they were ignored
What was the 14th point of the 14 points
Leauge of Nations
Why did the US not enter the league of Nations
fear of giving up its sovereign power to declare war
What orginization did the league of nations lead to?
United Nations
What was the league of nations
supranational organization to prevent future hostilities
What did Article X of the league of nations allow the league to do?
curb aggressor nations through collective military actions
What era began after the renaissance (1600) and up to WWI
Modern era
What ‘perfection of beauty’ did the modern era entail
Greco-Roman
What religious values did the west inherit in the modern era
Judeo-Christian values
What beauty philosophy happened in the modern era?
Be nice and kind (if your ugly, you “have a great personality”)
What two beliefs tried to combine in the modern era
Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christain
When was the postmodern era
1970-Present
What themes did the postmodern era entail that dated back to WWI
Lost Generation
What Supreme Court case loses its meaning in the post modern era
Scopes Monkey
What German belief did the post modern era entail
Nietzsche, “God is Dead”
What new question were people asking in the postmodern era?
What is my purpose?
What is modernism?
the understanding of artistic, technological, and historic components of the 20th century
What architect embodied modernism?
Frank Loyd Wright
What society was modernism broken off from?
A victorian society
What is the irony of modernism?
it is progressive, but it’ll create tanks and nukes
What was the “Age of Anxiety”
modernity
T/F: Modernity was a very late era
False, it was a philosiphy
What philosophy did modernity entail?
rejection of dominant discourse
What traditions did modernity break?
no more binary world (e.x. gender)
What society do we live in today
Post-modern
Who was the head of the antiradicalism unit within the Justice Department set up after the red scare?
J. Edgar Hoover
What did Hoover plan and excecute
the Palmer raids?
What were the Palmer raids led by Hoover?
raided radical organization, arrested 6000 and denied the legal council
What other organization did J. Edgar Hoover lead?
Federal Bureau of Investigation
How did J. Edgar Hoover increase federal police power?
using the red scare
What economic policy did J. Edgar Hoover believe in?
laissez-faire
Who was a nurse who moved to NYC in 1911, and volunteered with a Lower East Side settlement
Margaret Sanger
What caused Margaret Sanger to launch a crusade for birth control?
seeing suffering from constant pregnancies, and the death of her own mother from birthing 11 children
What newspaper column did Margaret Sanger write?
What Every Girl Should Know
what was “what every girl should know”, by Margaret Sanger charged with
obscenity
Even though it was charged with obscenity, what did “What Every Girl Should Know” allow Margaret Sanger to gain
publicity to launch the national birth control movement
What organization did Margaret Sanger found?
American Birth Control League, later named Planned parenthood
What constitutional rights did Margaret Sanger believe in?
Civil Liberties, Privacy
What policies did Margaret Sanger unfortunately believe in?
policies based on eugenics
Who was a notorious Chicago gangster
Al Capone
How did Al Capone make his fortune
off of illegal alcohol after Prohibition with the 18th amendment
Who was one of the greatest jazz composers and a bandleader
Duke Ellington
Where did Duke Ellington move to
New York
Why was moving to New York a good move for Duke Ellington?
people flocked ballrooms and clubs to hear his music
What club did Duke Ellington perform at
Cotton Club in Harlem
What made duke ellington a nationally known musician?
radio broadcasts
What organization did Marcus Garvey form?
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNAI)
when was the UNIA formed
during the Harlem Renaissance
Where was Marcus Garvey born
Jamaica
What did Marcus Garvey urge his followers to do?
move to Africa, arguing that they would always be treated unjustly in white-run countries
What newspaper did Marcus Garvey create?
Negro World
What steamship company did Marcus Gravey’s Negro World fund?
Black Star Line
What did the Black Star Line do?
carry black Americans to Africa
What led to the collapse of the UNIA
Marcus Garvey became a target of the FBI, and was deported to Jamaica
What was the “destruction of Black Wall Street”
Tulsa Oklahoma Race Riots
What did survivors of the Tulsa Oklahoma Race Riots wish to do?
Sue the government
Who led the Tulsa Oklahoma Race Riots
mobs of white residents, some of whom had been appointed deputies and armed by city government officials
What did the rioters do in the Tulsa Oklahoma Race Riots?
attacked black residents, and destroyed homes and businesses
What happened in the East St. Louis Riots
A series of labor and race related attacks by white Americans, who murdered between 39 and 150 African Americans
In what riot did white people tried to “bury the town”
Rosewood, Florida Massacre
What did whites do in the Rosewood, Florida Massacre
Torched houses and hunted African Americans, killing at least 6
What happened as a result of the Rosewood, Florida Massacre
The town vanished from the map
What caused the town of Rosewood, Florida to banish from the map
police and state authorities refused to intervine
What caused the Chicago race riots?
a young black man swimming in white territory was stoned to death
Who was a fourteen-year-old African American boy from the South Side of Chicago, and visited relatives in Mississippi in the summer of 1955
Emmett Till
What happened to Emmett Till
talked to a white woman in a grocery store, then was tortured and murdered.
Where was Emmett Till’s body found
bottom of a river
What happened in the prosecution of the murderers of Emmett Till
All white jury found defendant innocent, despite his uncle’s eyewitness testimony
What era did Emmett Till’s murder start
civil rights era
What modern parallel does Emmett Till have?
George Floyd
What organization found a surge in the 1920s
KKK
How many members did the KKK have at its peak
3 million
What film glorified the reconstruction-era Klan
Birth of a Nation
Where did a group of southerners gather to rebirth the KkK
Georgia’s Stone Mountain
What other groups fell victim of KKK harrasment
immigrants, catholics, and Jews
Where did the KKK get most of its considerable political clout
local levels
When did lynchings peak
between 1890 and 1910
Where was lynchings most common?
South
t/f: lynchings occurred at every state
true
What would lynching crowds do after they lunched
pose to have their pictures taken
What was the vibrant cultural movement centered around Harlem, NYC
Harlem Renaissance
What caused the Harlem Renaissance
The Great Migration, which tripled NYC African American population
What flourished during the Harlem Renaissance
African American artists, writers, intellectuals and social leaders in a literary and artistic culture rooted in everyday experiences of black people.
What was the most famous symbol of the Harlem Renaissance
Jazz
When and where did jazz first emerge
New Orleans and other parts of the South before WWI
What made jazz unique
peformers kept a rapid ragtime beat, and improvised around a basic melodic line.
