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Summer US History > Unit 6 Test > Flashcards

Unit 6 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is capitalism

A

an economic an political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit

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2
Q

What is democracy?

A

A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives

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3
Q

What does NATO stand for?

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

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4
Q

What is NATO?

A

A security agreement system and America’s first peacetime military alliance outside the Western Hemisphere

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5
Q

How many countries were first involved of NATO?

A

12

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6
Q

What did NATO claim they were not against?

A

Russia

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7
Q

In reality, what was NATO really for?

A

Protection against Russia, if Russia attacked one of them, they attacked all of them

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8
Q

What is a first world nation?

A

a mostly developed nation

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9
Q

What was the political system of communism, in theory

A

No government

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10
Q

What was the communist political system in Russia, in reality?

A

an authoritarian system with a dictator

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11
Q

What theory is communism based off of?

A

Marxist theory

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12
Q

How did Stalin enforce his rule

A

with gulags, forced labor camps which killed 30-40 million people?

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13
Q

What are 5 examples of a first world nation?

A

Italy, France, Japan, UK, US

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14
Q

What is economic communism

A

A theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their ability and needs

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15
Q

What was the Warsaw pact

A

An Eastern alliance, meant to counter NATO

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16
Q

What 8 countries were a part of the Warsaw Pact

A

Soviet Union, Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Albania

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17
Q

What Is a second world country?

A

A country not as developed as a first world country, but more developed than a third world country

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18
Q

What are 4 examples of second world nations?

A

Russia Poland China Slovakia

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19
Q

What nations particularly were classified as second world nations?

A

Communist nations

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20
Q

What were third world nations

A

newly emerged countries, least developed and generally former colonies

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21
Q

What are 3 examples of third world countries

A

India, Mexico, Costa Rica

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22
Q

What were third world countries to the Soviet Union and U.S.?

A

pawns

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23
Q

What are fourth world nations?

A

nations where natural disasters leave no development, which ensure in chaos and poverty

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24
Q

What are 3 examples of Fourth World Countries

A

Haiti, Niger, Djibouti

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25
Q

What did FDR give away at the Yalta conference and why?

A

Eastern Europe because he was not feeling well

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26
Q

How did the Yalta conference divide Germany and Berlin?

A

into four zones

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27
Q

Who controlled each of the four zones of Germany?

A

The Big Three (Britain, U.S., Soviet Union), and France

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28
Q

What organization was created as a result of the Yalta Conference?

A

United Nations

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29
Q

What 2 committees was the UN divided into

A

General Assembly and Security Council

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30
Q

What countries were a part of the Security Council?

A

5 permanent “winners” of WWII and 6 other nations that rotated

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31
Q

What power did the Big 5 of the security council have?

A

veto power over the general assembly

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32
Q

What was Truman’s weakness in the Potsdam Conference?

A

He was not worldly and did not understand international politics

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33
Q

How did the Potsdam conference lead to the Cold War

A

Stalin got control of Eastern European governments

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34
Q

What compromise was made between Truman and Stalin in the Potsdam conference?

A

Truman convinced Stalin to take reparations from the Soviet zone of Germany, and U.S. recognized a redrawn German-Polish border favored by Stalin

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35
Q

What was the Berlin Blockade

A

An attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to limit travel to West Berlin?

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36
Q

What was the result of the Berlin Blockade?

A

Truman and the British only grew more resolute, saying they were going to stay put

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37
Q

What was the Berlin Airlift?

A

America and British planned to fly 2.5 million tons of food and fuel to West Berlin

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38
Q

What was Stalin’s reaction to the Berlin Airlift?

A

He did not retaliate, and ended up lifting the blockade

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39
Q

What was the Berlin Wall?

A

A wall, put up by the Soviet Union, that separated the Berlin to prevent people from the Soviet-controlled East from escaping to the US-controll West Berlin

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40
Q

What was important about JFK going to West Berlin?

A

He flew into enemy territory, a very risky move

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41
Q

What was JFK’s famous quote from his time in West Berlin?

A

“I am Berliner”

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42
Q

What president also flew to West Berlin, other than JFK

A

Ronald Regan

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43
Q

What did Ronald Regan say in West Berlin?

A

“Tear down that wall”

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44
Q

What was Checkpoint Charlie?

A

A famous gate between East and West Berlin

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45
Q

What happened at Checkpoint Charlie?

A

Prisoners were exchanged, and US and Soviet tanks faced off there

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46
Q

What declaration did the Truman doctrine expand on?

A

Roosevelt Corollary

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47
Q

What did the Truman Doctrine state

A

the there was an American responsibility to support free people resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities and outside pressures

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48
Q

Who did the U.S. aid as a result of the Truman doctrine?

A

aided Greece and Turkey, afraid of the expansion of communism there

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49
Q

What was the Marshall Plan?

A

A $13 billion dollar plan to rebuild European eonomy

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50
Q

What did the Marshall plan aim to do?

A

rebuild cities, industries, infrastructure, and trade, which helped increase production and trade

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51
Q

What did the Marshall plan wish to prevent?

A

The spread of communism

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52
Q

What caused the China Revolution

A

Mao Zedong took over Nationalist forces under Jiang Jieshi

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53
Q

How much money did US aid to Jian Jieshi and why?

A

$2 billion, needing to “save” China

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54
Q

Why did the US remove their involvement in the Chinese revolution?

A

US did not want to war with China, so they stepped out as Mao took over

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55
Q

What dispute did the China revolution cause

A

A dispute with Taiwan, where Jiang fled, but Taiwan recognized themselves as Chinese

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56
Q

What was Taiwan not allowed to do

A

Own a flag or allowed to join the UN

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57
Q

What did the China Revolution generate?

A

fear over the spread of communism through the domino theory

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58
Q

T/F: The domino theory is about communism

A

False - it is about global influence and power

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59
Q

What zone was made as a result of the Korean War

A

DMZ (demilitarized Zone), which split Korea at the 38th parallel

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60
Q

What side supported north Korea

A

USSR

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61
Q

What country supported South Korea

A

U.S.

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62
Q

What did the Korean War signify?

A

the first military action of the Cold War/first proxy war

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63
Q

What is the Korean War referred to and why?

A

the “Forgotten War” for the lack of attention it received compared to more well-known conflicts

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64
Q

Who was Douglas MacArthur

A

a military general who served in both World Wars as well as the Cold War

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65
Q

What was Douglas MacArthur’s role in the Korean War?

A

He lead South Korea to the China Border

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66
Q

What was the result of Douglas MacArthur’s attack?

A

provoked Chinese involvement in the Korean War, and the Chinese attacked UN forces

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67
Q

What was the Arms Race?

A

a race between the USSR and US over the creation and stockpiling of superior nuclear weapons

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68
Q

What did both the USSR and US spend a lot on as a result of the Arms Race

A

an enormous amount of money, materials, and labor

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69
Q

What was the result of the Arms Race

A

it increased the tension and hostility between the US and USSR because many spies leaked Information about weapons to the USSR

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70
Q

What does MAD stand for?

A

Mutually Assured Destruction

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71
Q

What is MAD?

A

The notion that a nuclear attack by one superpower would be met with an overwhelming nuclear counterattack such that both the attacker and the defender would be annihilated

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72
Q

What was present, on both sides, during the Cold War?

A

Spies and Double Spies

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73
Q

What country proved the domino theory?

A

Vietnam

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74
Q

How was Vietnam split?

A

US wanted to stop the spread of communism in the South, and Guerrilla fighters in the north prevented that

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75
Q

Who was predicted to win the election: Dewey or Truman?

A

Dewey

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76
Q

Why did many believe that Dewey actually won over Truman?

A

A newspaper published it

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77
Q

Who incorrectly called the election between Dewey and Truman?

A

The Chicago Daily Tribune

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78
Q

What does the famous “Dewey defeats Truman” photo depict?

A

the Chicago Tribune headline was famously held up by Truman at a stop at St. Louis Union Station, smiling triumphantly

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79
Q

What was the Fair Deal

A

Truman’s plans for domestic policy reforms including national health insurance, public housing, civil rights legislation, and aid to education

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80
Q

What was the Loyalty Security Program designed to do?

A

root out communist influence in the U.S. federal government and keep communists and other subversives out of jobs in the government

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81
Q

Why was the Loyalty Security Program created?

A

due to the fear of communism at home and in government agencies

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82
Q

Why was the Loyalty Security Program criticized?

A

it was a weapon of hysteria attacking law-abiding citizens

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83
Q

What could prior involvement in protests or labor strikes be grounds for?

A

investigation under the Loyalty Security Program

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84
Q

Who was Joseph McCarthy?

A

an American politician who served as a Republican US Senator from the state of Wisconsin

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85
Q

What is McCarthyism?

A

the political repression and persecution of left-wing individuals and a campaign spreading fear of alleged communist and Soviet influence on American institutions

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86
Q

What is a Red Scare?

A

the promotion of a widespread fear of a potential rise of communism, anarchism, or other leftist ideologies by a society or state

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87
Q

What was the First Red Scare

A

a perceived threat from the American labor movement, anarchist revolution, and political radicalism, occurring immediately after World War I

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88
Q

What was the second Red Scare

A

the perception that national or foreign communists were infiltrating or subverting American society and the federal government, occurring after WWII

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89
Q

What did the House Un-American Committee do?

A

put communists on trial

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90
Q

What was the House Un-American Committee?

A

an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives

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91
Q

What was the goal of the House Un-American Committee

A

to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected on having communist ties

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92
Q

What was the House Un-American committees anticommunist investigations often associated with?

A

McCarthyism

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93
Q

Who did Diwght “Ike” Eisenhower defeat

A

Adlai Stevenson

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94
Q

What did Ike manage during his presidency

A

Cold War-era tensions with the Soviet Union under the looming threat of nuclear weapons

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95
Q

What war did Ike end and when?

A

War in Korea in 1953

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96
Q

What did Ike authorize

A

a number of covert anti-communist operations by the CIA around the world

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97
Q

What did Ike strengthen?

A

Social Security

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98
Q

What did Ike create, that is still used today, and you have probably even used many times

A

massive new Interstate Highway System

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99
Q

What did Ike do behind the scenes

A

maneuvered to discredit the rabid anti-communist Senator Joseph McCarthy

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100
Q

Why was the Interstate Highway System created

A

for a fast evacuation from bombs

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101
Q

Who created the Interstate Highway System

A

Dwight “Ike” Eisenhower

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102
Q

What did the Interstate Highway system allow for?

A

an urban sprawl and suburbanization

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103
Q

What was JFK the first of?

A

young and catholic president?

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104
Q

What did the Peace Corps do?

A

volunteer in Third World nations to help build infrastructure

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105
Q

Who established the Peace Corps?

A

JFK

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106
Q

How is JFK similar to Lincoln

A

at first, didn’t support Civil Rights, but later granted them

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107
Q

What happened in the Bay of Pigs

A

JFK sent troops to invade Cuba, but they are stopped

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108
Q

What is the Bay of Pigs an example of

A

American distrust

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109
Q

What was the Bay of Pigs

A

a failed attack launched by the CIA during the Kennedy administration to push Cuban leader Fidel Castro from power

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110
Q

What caused failure in the Bay of Pigs?

A

invaders were badly outnumbered by Castro’s troops, and they surrendered after less than 24 hours of fighting

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111
Q

What was sputnik

A

the first Russian space satellite

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112
Q

What did the sputnik launch cause?

A

a lot of suspicion and paranoia in America, which prompted a race over space exploration

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113
Q

What caused the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

US found missile bases in Cuba

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114
Q

What is the Cuban Missile Crisis the closest we have ever gotten to?

A

a nuclear war

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115
Q

What did JFK do after he found missile bases in Cuba?

A

put out a naval blockade that didn’t allow Soviets into the US

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116
Q

What prevented a nuclear war in the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

MAD - Mutually Assured Destruction

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117
Q

Where did Americans hold their nuclear weapons?

A

Turkey

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118
Q

What philosopher hated democracy

A

Plato

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119
Q

What type of government did Plato support?

A

oligarchy

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120
Q

What American things did Plato dislike?

A

Cars, TVs, and people enjoying their life

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121
Q

What is American economy based off of?

A

consumerism

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122
Q

How was the postwar boom defined by?

A

the dramatic expansion of consumer markets

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123
Q

In the 1950s, what was consumption associated with?

A

American citizenship, as it fulfilled a social responsibility

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124
Q

Where did the Kitchen Debate take place?

A

in the kitchen of a model home at the American National Exposition in Moscow

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125
Q

Who debated in the Kitchen debates?

A

Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Kruschev

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126
Q

What was debated in the Kitchen Debate?

A

the value of frozen meatloaf on a tray, and American middle class life and the convenience for American consumers

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127
Q

What did the Kitchen debate symbolize

A

the Cold War contest over the standard of living in the homes of both nations

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128
Q

What was the featured high school on Life Magazine

A

New Trier

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129
Q

What did Life Magazine promote?

A

white suburban affluent communities

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130
Q

Who published Life Magazine?

A

Henry luce

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131
Q

What was Life Magazine

A

the nations leading opinion magazine, and shaped the opinions of millions of Americans

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132
Q

Where was the Bretton Woods Conference hosted?

A

Bretton Woods, New Hampshire

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133
Q

What 2 things did the Bretton Woods Conference establish?

A

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund

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134
Q

What was the World Bank

A

an international bank that provided loans for reconstruction of Europe and development of previously colonized nations

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135
Q

What was the World Bank similar to, but separate from

A

Marshall Plan

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136
Q

What was the International Monetary Fund

A

a fund that stabilized national currencies and created a predictable environment for trade with the U.S. dollar as the benchmark

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137
Q

What did the International Monetary Fund Establish as the monetary standard

A

the American dollar

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138
Q

What does the Bretton Woods conference prove about America

A

that we liked that we won WWII, we like being in positions of power

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139
Q

What do critics of the Bretton Woods Conference say

A

that the conference favored the US at expense of recently independent countries

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140
Q

What was the military-industrial complex

A

an alliance between the Defense Department and a network of large corporations

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141
Q

What caused the military-industrial complex

A

an escalating arms race during the Cold War, which enhanced the business-government partnerships of WWII,

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142
Q

When did Eisenhower cation Americans of the military-industrial complex

A

in his farewell address, fearing it exerted undue influence over the government

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143
Q

What states did the military-industrial complex benefit the most?

A

Mid-Atlantic states, industrialized upper midwest, Washington State, and California

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144
Q

How many people did the military-industrial complex employ?

A

More than 3.5 million

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145
Q

What fraction of the GDP did military spending represent?

A

10%

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146
Q

What were Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

A

corporate organizations that own the production of goods/services in a country other than its home country

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147
Q

What companies were the greatest facilitators of globalization

A

Walmart, Apple, McDonalds

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148
Q

What happened for the first time, in respects to MNCs

A

there were parts made globally and shipped back to America

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149
Q

What did MNCs give way to?

A

exploitation and manufacturing jobs

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150
Q

What was the National Defense Education Act of 1958 in response to? (THIS IS ON THE TEST)

A

Sputnik, because Eisenhower was alarmed that the US was falling behind after the Soviet Union launched the world’s first satellite in 1957, so he persuaded Congress to act

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151
Q

What did the National Defense Education Act of 1958 provide

A

more scholarships and millions of dollars of funding into college research/education

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152
Q

Who did the National Defense Education Act of 1958 help?

A

institutions like Stanford and MIT to become leading research centers

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153
Q

What type of education did the National Defense Education Act of 1958 push?

A

STEM Education, resulting in more math and science teachers

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154
Q

What was the rise of the middle class?

A

three decades of sustained economic growth, which created an affluent society

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155
Q

At what rate were middle class families increasing at?

A

1.1 million per year

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156
Q

What was the Urban Crisis

A

Because suburban growth came at the expense of cities, urban decay was hastened

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157
Q

What resulted of the Urban Crisis?

A

deepened racial segregation as African Americans moved to cities, but only were further burdened by declining urban economies

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158
Q

What did Urban renewal programs do?

A

demolished neighborhoods, moving those who were dislocated to federally funded housing projects?

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159
Q

What did not get enough public funding

A

Public housing

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160
Q

What did Public Housing often take the form of?

A

Cheaply built high-rises that isolated itself from surrounding neighborhoods, creating “pockets of poverty”

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161
Q

What is an example of the poor hunting to Public Houses

A

Robert Taylor Homes in Chicago

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162
Q

What was public housing racially used for

A

to put black people in their own, segregated areas

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163
Q

T/F: Whites also experienced poverty

A

True

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164
Q

What caused West Virginia to become a democratic state

A

White poverty

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165
Q

How did television change history?

A

Lives revolved around television time, “I have to be home at 7 on Thursday to catch my show!”

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166
Q

What was TV the primary venue for

A

Advertising

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167
Q

What was American programming and commercials centered on?

A

white, Protestant world of middle class life, with no ethnic racial or class diversity

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168
Q

What was a popular television series about suburban life

A

Leave it To Beaver

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169
Q

What are 2 reasons for the rise of the teenager during the 1950s

A

economic game (created a new consumer market) and college industry

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170
Q

How was the cultural phenomenon of teenagers focused on?

A

spending power of the “teenager” as a key target for advisers

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171
Q

Who stared in a “rebel without a cause”

A

James Dean

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172
Q

What became a commodity of teen culture

A

rebellion

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173
Q

What did movies play a large role in?

A

fostering teenage culture as young people were the largest audience

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174
Q

Why did teenagers favor Rock N’ Roll?

A

teenagers favored the louder, faster sounds of R&B

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175
Q

What two works of literature were a part of the Beat generation

A

Howl by Ginsberg (poem), On the Road by Jack Kerouac (novel)

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176
Q

Who was Billy Graham?

A

A famous religious leader who led crusades

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177
Q

What phrase was added to the Pledge of Allegiance during the 1950s

A

“Under God”

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178
Q

Who consisted in a nuclear family

A

mom, dad, 2.2 kids, dog, white picket fence

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179
Q

What was there no of in a nuclear family

A

no divorce

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180
Q

What happened as a result of the nuclear family

A

higher birth rate

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181
Q

What magazine “taught women how to act”

A

Ladies Home Jounal

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182
Q

What 2 things did the Kinsey Report say

A

That Americans were having sex outside of marriage, and that only 10% of people were exclusively gay or straight

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183
Q

Who was Hugh Hefner

A

owner of playboy magazine, which caused widespread access to porn

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184
Q

T/F: Feminists did not like playboy magazine

A

False - they had mixed opinions on it

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185
Q

What did Booker T. Washington believe?

A

that blacks had to prove they were equal to Whites by studying hard to get into college

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186
Q

Who reflects Booker T. Washington’s approach today?

A

Justice Clarence Thomas

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187
Q

Who was the opposite of Booker T. Washington

A

W.E.B. DuBouis

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188
Q

What did W.E.B. Du Bois believe

A

that people needed to protest for their civil rights

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189
Q

Who shared W.E.B. Du Bois’s beliefs

A

Thurgood Marshall. a NAACP lawyer

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190
Q

What does NAACP stand for

A

National Assoziation for the advancement of colored people

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191
Q

Why was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) made?

A

after the Montgomery Bus Boycott

192
Q

Where was the SCLC centered

A

Atlanta

193
Q

Which SCLC member called for the Selma march

A

James Bevel

194
Q

What organization led the Birmingham Campaign

A

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

195
Q

Who partly created the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

A

Ella Baker, an SCLC official

196
Q

What was the audience of Baker?

A

students, because Baker said they were receptive to her notion of participatory democracy

197
Q

What did Executive Order 8802 prohibit?

A

racial discrimination in defense industries during WWII

198
Q

What happened as a result of Executive Order 8802

A

A. Philip Randolph of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters canceled his march on the capital

199
Q

What committee was established to enforce Executive Order 8802

A

Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC)

200
Q

Who founded the Dixiecrats?

A

Strom Thurmond

201
Q

Was Strom Thurmond for or against segregation

A

for

202
Q

What “revolt” did Strom Thurmond lead?

A

The change of segregationists to the Republican Party

203
Q

Where was Strom Thurmond a senator from

A

South Carolina

204
Q

What party did Strom Thurmond run for as president

A

Dixiecrat

205
Q

Who was Thurgood Marshall related to?

A

he was a great-grandson of a slave

206
Q

What occupation was Thurgood Marshall

A

NAACP Lawyer

207
Q

What was the peak of Thurgood Marshalls career

A

A Supreme Court justice, appointed by LBJ

208
Q

What school did Thurgood Marshall graduate from

A

Lincoln University, a black college

209
Q

What law school was Thurgood Marshall denied from?

A

University of Maryland

210
Q

Why was Thurgood Marshall denied from the University of Maryland Law School?

A

because he was black

211
Q

What law school did Thurgood Marshall enroll in

A

the all-black Howard University School of Law

212
Q

What case did Thurgood Marshall help win

A

a case that forced UMD to allow qualified African Americans

213
Q

What case did Thurgood Marshall win, that said universities could not segregate black students on campus

A

McLaurin v. Oklahoma

214
Q

How did Thurgood Marshall argue against Brown v. Board of Education?

A

cited the 14th amendment

215
Q

How old was Emmett Till when he died

A

14

216
Q

Where was Emmett Till from

A

South Side of Chicago

217
Q

Where and when was Emmett Till when he died

A

Missisippi in the summer of 1955

218
Q

Why was Emmett Tilll brutally mutilated and tortured?

A

he was thought to have interacted with a white woman in a grocery store

219
Q

Where were pictures of Emmett Till’s body published?

A

Jet magazine

220
Q

What type of funeral did Emmett Till have?

A

Open casket, which was visited by thousands

221
Q

Who was the eye witness testimony at Emmett Till’s trial?

A

Mose Wright, his uncle

222
Q

Why were the murderers of Emmett Till not convicted

A

because the all-white jury was extremely biased

223
Q

Where did the two men who murdered Emmett Till confess, and why

A

in Look magazine for money

224
Q

Who was MLK Jr. A son of

A

a prominent Atlanta minister

225
Q

What was MLK appointed

A

a pastor of Montgomery’s Dexter Avenue Baptist Church

226
Q

Who was the famous black nationalist?

A

Malcolm X

227
Q

What religion was Malcolm X

A

A Muslim

228
Q

Why did Malcolm X distance himself from the Muslim religion

A

He had a power struggle with founder Elijah Muhammad in 1964

229
Q

What did Malcolm X support

A

militant separatism and violence only for self-defense

230
Q

What was Malcolm X hostile to

A

the mainstream civil rights movement

231
Q

What did Malcolm X call the march on washington

A

Farce on Washington

232
Q

Who did Malcolm X not want to change the minds of

A

hostile whites, he just wanted to strengthen the black community

233
Q

How did Malcolm X change his stance?

A

he began to talk about class struggle uniting poor whites and blacks

234
Q

How did Malcolm X get inspired

A

from seeing Muslims of all races worshipping together in the Middle East

235
Q

What organization did Malcolm X create

A

organization of Afro-American Unity

236
Q

What was the purpose of the Organization of Afro-American Unity

A

to promote black pride and to work with traditional civil rights groups

237
Q

How was Malcolm X killed?

A

in Harlem, by three black muslims in 1965 while delivering a speech

238
Q

Who overcame the filibuster to pass the civil rights bill

A

Lyndon Johnson

239
Q

What was Lydon Johnson the former of

A

senate majority leader

240
Q

Where was Lyndon Johnson from

A

the south

241
Q

How is Lyndon Johnson described

A

tough political bargainer, political hardball

242
Q

What were Lyndon Johnson’s two motivations

A

his own principles, just doing the right thing, and supporting the bill that would make him look good, like his idol FDR

243
Q

What organization was Cesar Chavez involved in

A

the Community Service Organization (CSO)

244
Q

What did the CSO (Community Service Organization) do?

A

advocated for Mexican political participation and civil rights

245
Q

T/F: Cesar Chavez was always greatly involved in the CSO

A

False, he left the group in 1962

246
Q

What was Cesar Chavez’s focus after leaving the CSO

A

agriculture around Delano, CA

247
Q

What organization did Cesar Chavez organize

A

United Farm Workers

248
Q

What was the United Farm Workers

A

a union for migrant workers

249
Q

What was Cesar Chavez’s personality?

A

deeply spiritual

250
Q

What protest did Cesar Chavez organize

A

a 28 day hunger strike with Robert F. Kennedy

251
Q

What is the United Farm Workers famous for

A

a nationwide boycott of grapes, which resulted in CA grape growers signing contracts, recognizing the UFW

252
Q

How did Kennedy and Lyndon differ?

A

Kennedy hated Vietnam, but Lyndon wanted a Vietnam war

253
Q

What encompassed black nationalism?

A

anything from wearing African dashikis, buying from black businesses, or calling for total separatism

254
Q

Who were 2 precursors of black nationalism

A

Fredrick Douglass and Marcus Garvey

255
Q

Why was Islam appealing to blacks?

A

it stressed equality

256
Q

What was the leading group that advocated fro black nationalism?

A

nation of islam

257
Q

What was the nation of islam’s philosophy

A

self-improvement and a rejection of white culture

258
Q

What was the nation of islam’s strict code

A

men wore dark suits, white shirts, and ties, women wore long dresses and head coverings

259
Q

What did minister’s preach in reference to Islam

A

an apocalyptic version of Islam that said that one day Allah would banish the white “devils” and deliver justice

260
Q

Where was islam most common

A

Northern cities

261
Q

T/F: Many were not strict adherents to the nation’s of islams’ strict code

A

true

262
Q

What ideal was created by some SNCC and CORE activists

A

Black Power

263
Q

Who led black power

A

Stokely Carmichael

264
Q

What did black power think

A

it wasn’t good that blacks were relying on whites to achieve racial justice and that blacks should build economic and political power in their own communities

265
Q

How did black power fight poverty

A

setting up day care centers, running job training programs, and working to improve housing and health care

266
Q

Where did black power open jobs

A

in urban cities in police and fire departments and in construction and transportation

267
Q

What did black power give to black entrepreneurs

A

loans

268
Q

what was black power committed to ending

A

police harassment

269
Q

What did black power reject?

A

white society, in favor of African culture

270
Q

What movement did Black Power promote

A

the black arts movement, where music preference goes from Motown (soul music)

271
Q

What party promoted black nationalism

A

Black Panther party

272
Q

What was the black panther party

A

a militant organization that protected blacks from police violence

273
Q

Where and who was the black panther party founded?

A

Oakland by Huey Newton and Bobby Scale

274
Q

What community service did the Black panther party organize

A

free breakfast, sickle-cell anemia testing

275
Q

what war did the black panther party oppose

A

Vietnam War, declaring solidarity with 3rd world revolutionary movements and other struggles

276
Q

What was the manifesto of the Black Panther Party

A

“What We Want, What We Believe”

277
Q

What was mentioned in the Black Panther’s Party manifesto?

A

Ten Point Program for black liberation, such as full employment, decent housing, in order to end police brutality

278
Q

How toes the Black panther’s party manifesto conclude

A

“We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice, and peace”

279
Q

What organization was surveying the Black Panther Party, and late infiltrated them

A

the FBI

280
Q

What situation was members of the Black panther Party often in

A

violent clashes with the police

281
Q

What was Lyndon’s war

A

War on Poverty

282
Q

Was the war on poverty successful?

A

No

283
Q

According to Harry Byrd, what happened as a result of the Brown ruling

A

massive resistance

284
Q

What document denounced the Brown decision

A

Southern Manifesto

285
Q

What group saw a rise in membership following the Brown descision

A

KKK

286
Q

T/F: Eisenhower was for the Brown descision

A

false, he considered it to be a mistake

287
Q

What caused Eisenhower to use federal power to enforce the Brown decision?

A

when 9 black students could not attend Little Rock’s all whit Central High School do to violent protests

288
Q

What did white mobs chant at Little Rock

A

“Go back to the jungle

289
Q

Who called the national guard to block students from entering Central High School

A

Governor Oral Faunus

290
Q

Who finally sent federal troops to help the 9 black students go to school

A

Eisenhower

291
Q

What caused the Montgomery Bus Boycott

A

After Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man

292
Q

What other boycotts was the Montgomery bus boycott inspired from

A

similar bus boycotts in Harlem and Baton Rouge

293
Q

How long did the Montgomery Bus Boycott last

A

381 days

294
Q

How did blacks avoid going on the bus

A

carpools and walking

295
Q

What happened as a result of the Montgomery Bus Boycott

A

the Supreme Court said segregation on public transportation was unconstitutional on November 1956

296
Q

Where did the Greensboro protests take place

A

in north Carolina, specifically Woolworth’s drugstore

297
Q

how did the Greensboro sit-ins start

A

when four black college students sat at a white’s only lunch counter

298
Q

What was the Greensboro sit ins

A

hundreds of African Americans taking turns sitting at counters, despite abuse from whites like food being thrown or beating, and they were later arrested

299
Q

What desegregated as a result of the Greensboro sit-ins

A

Woolworth’s lunch counter

300
Q

Who organized Freedom Rides?

A

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

301
Q

T/F: Segregation was banned in interstate commerce before the freedom rides

A

True, but it still happened in practice

302
Q

Where did freedom rides take place

A

Greyhound bus line

303
Q

What did freedom riders do?

A

sing songs

304
Q

What violence occurred at the freedom rides

A

klansmen attacked the buses when they stopped in small towns (especially in ALabama

305
Q

Who refused to intervene against violence at the freedom rides

A

governor John Patterson

306
Q

Who displaced federal Marshalls to protect freedom riders?

A

JFK and his brother Robert Kennedy

307
Q

T/F: JFK initially discouraged freedom rides

A

True

308
Q

What did MLK call “the most segregated city in the United States”

A

Birmingham

309
Q

What did the SCLC and MLK do in Birmingham?

A

led a campaign there

310
Q

Who was the city’s public safety commissioner and what did he do?

A

Eugene “Bull” Conor, he sent troops armed with snarling dogs, electric cattle prods, and high pressure fire hoses to stop the protesters

311
Q

What did King write in Birmingham?

A

“Letter from Birmingham Jail”

312
Q

What events in Birmingham caused Kennedy to denounce racism, and promote a civil rights bill on TV

A

Brutality against protestors, King’s jail times, Alabama governor George Wallace barring two black students from enrolling @ state university

313
Q

What was Kennedy denouncing racism on live TV deemed

A

“Second Emancipation Proclamation”

314
Q

How many people gathered in the Lincoln memorial during the March on Washington

A

250k

315
Q

How did people get to the March on Washington

A

freedom buses and freedom trains

316
Q

Who planned the March on Washington

A

A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin

317
Q

What famous speech was given at the March on Washington

A

I Have a Dream

318
Q

Who else had a speech at the March on Washington, but had to tone it down due to its provocativeness

A

John Lewis

319
Q

T/F: The March on Washington changed a lot of congressional votes

A

False- it changed very few

320
Q

What happened at the Birmingham Baptist church

A

4 little girls were bombed

321
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlaw

A

discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, national origin, and sex

322
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 guarentee

A

equal access to public accommodation ands school

323
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 grant

A

new enforcement powers to attorney general

324
Q

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 establish?

A

Equal Employment opportunity commission to implement the prohibition against discrimination

325
Q

What caused Bloody Sunday

A

James Bevel of the SCLC called for a march from Selma, Alabama to the capital, Montgomery

326
Q

What happened in Bloody Sunday

A

600 participants crossed Pettus Bridge, then state troopers attacked them with tear gas and clubs

327
Q

What did LBJ call bloody sunday

A

“an American tragedy”

328
Q

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlaw?

A

literacy tests and other methods that prevented blacks from registering to vote

329
Q

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 authorize

A

the attorney general to send federal examiners to register voters in any county where registration was less than 50%

330
Q

What did the 24th amendment outlaw

A

poll taxes in federal elections

331
Q

T/F: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 worked

A

True

332
Q

What happened in the Watts Riots

A

a young black motorist in the Watts section of LA was arrested, leading to 6 days of rioting and 34 deaths

333
Q

How many cities participated in the Watts riots

A

22 cities

334
Q

Who was shocked by the rioting and why?

A

LBJ, since he had just given black people rights

335
Q

What did the Kerner Commission recognize as a result go the Watts Riots

A

how racial inequality did urban violence, and how white institutions created racial ghettos

336
Q

What happened after the Watts Riots, for MLK

A

MLK expanded his vision to include poverty and racism as a whole, shown by the Poor People’s campaign

337
Q

By who, where, and when was MLK assassinated

A

1968, Memphis, James Earl Ray

338
Q

What was MLK doing in Memphis the day of his assasination

A

to support a strike by predominantly black sanitation workers, with the larger goal of fighting economic injustice

339
Q

What did MLK’s death lead to

A

further rioting in more than 100 cities

340
Q

What did the Young Lords organization advocate for

A

Puerto Rican Rights

341
Q

What organization inspired the Young Lords Organization

A

Black Panthers

342
Q

What problem caused the Young Lords Organization?

A

In East Harlem, NYC authorities let the garbage rot, and slumlords allowed the housing to suck

343
Q

What group was particularly active in the Young Lord’s Organization

A

Women

344
Q

What caused Women involvement in the Young Lord’s Organization

A

sterilization campaigns targeting Puerto Rican Women, they wanted health care access

345
Q

What was the first group to immigrate primarily by plane

A

Puerto Ricans

346
Q

Who led the Chicano Movement

A

Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta

347
Q

What did young Mexican Americans dislike about their elders

A

how they were assimilating into Anglo society

348
Q

What did young Mexican Americans dislike about older political organizations like MAPA and MALDEF

A

they didn’t like their “incremental gains”

349
Q

Who created La Alianza

A

Lopez Tijerina

350
Q

What did La Alianza want to do

A

take back land won in the Mexican-American War

351
Q

What did neighborhoods in LA make as a part of the Chicano movement

A

Brown Berets

352
Q

What did Brown Berets nod back to

A

the Black Panthers

353
Q

What did the Chicano movement replace the term Mexican American with

A

Chicano

354
Q

Where did the term Chicano first arise?

A

National Youth and Liberation Conference

355
Q

What organization led to the formation of Laza Raza Unida

A

Mexican American Youth Organization

356
Q

What does Laza Raza Undid translate to

A

People United

357
Q

What was Laza Raza Unida

A

and alternative political party to Democrats and Republicans

358
Q

What type of education did the Chicano Movement push

A

bilingual education

359
Q

T/F: The Supreme Court did not recognize the Chicano movement’s push for bilingual education

A

false

360
Q

What did the 1974 Equal Education Opportunities Act push?

A

bilingual programs in school

361
Q

Why did the Chicano movement ultimately fail at?

A

improving wages and working conditions

362
Q

What was the predecessor of the American Indian Movement

A

National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)

363
Q

What did the National Indian Youth Council promote

A

the idea that Indians are one ethnicity

364
Q

What was the slogan of the National Indian Youth Council

A

“For a Greater Indian America”

365
Q

What group took over the deserted Alcantar Island

A

Militant Indians of All Tribes (IAT)

366
Q

How much did Indians of All Tribes want to purchase Alcantar Island for and why

A

$24 in glass beads and red cloth, since that’s what Manhattan island was purchased for 300 years ago

367
Q

What did AIM members ransack

A

the Bureau of Indian Affairs HQ

368
Q

Where did AIM members seige

A

Wounded Knee, South Dokota, stayed there for 2 months, fought government, and 2 were killed

369
Q

What is significant about Wounded Knee, South Dakota

A

Where Sioux were massacred and it was part of the Pine Ridge Reservation where AIM members worked with some elders

370
Q

What view did Kennedy have of the cold war

A

ideal

371
Q

Who did Kennedy appeal for?

A

to people and called on them for what they could do to help the country

372
Q

Who did Kennedy establish trust with in his inaugural address

A

with his young audience

373
Q

Who wrote a realistic view of the Cold War

A

LaFeber

374
Q

What did LaFeber acknowledge

A

that the Cold War was a global war, not just a conflict between the US and USSR

375
Q

What song promoted teenage individualism and encouraged them to “make connections”

A

Hound Dog

376
Q

Why does Holden struggle to resonate with the modern teenager

A

expectations of a cookie cutter life

377
Q

What does Catcher in the Rye reveal about Hollywood

A

its influence and the teenage market

378
Q

Why is Holden alienated from

A

“date” culture because he can’t form a connection

379
Q

How does Holden relate to J.D. Salinger

A

his background as a WWII veteran and his PTSD, which relates to Holden’s mental disorder

380
Q

How did the Watt Riots transform the SNCC

A

it went from non-violent to a more militant and black power organization

381
Q

How was the Nation of Islam kind of like a cult

A

the original leader, Wallace Far, said he was the messiah

382
Q

What did the Nation of Islam believe about religion

A

that black people’s true religion was Islam and that Christianity was forced upon them by slave owners

383
Q

Who is the current leader of the Nation of Islam, and a black supremacist

A

Louis Farrakhan

384
Q

How did the hajj change Malcolm X

A

because he saw the potential for racial coexistence afterward

385
Q

Who was the chairman of the SNCC

A

John Lewis

386
Q

What was John Lewis after his time with the SNCC

A

a congressmen, (Atlanta, Georgia)

387
Q

What march did John Lewis lead

A

the first wave of the Selma March, which experienced Bloody Sunday

388
Q

What award did John Lewis win in 2011

A

Presidential Medal of Freedom

389
Q

Who was the president of the Mississippi chapter of the NAACP

A

Medgar Evers

390
Q

How did Medger Evers die

A

in his driveway in Jackson by a white supremacist

391
Q

What was ironic about the day Medgar Evers was killed

A

it was the same night of Kennedy’s TV speech, the second emancipation proclamation

392
Q

Who was the “anti Thurgood Marshall”

A

Clarence Thomas

393
Q

Who gave the longest filibuster ever by a lone senator (it was against civil rights)

A

Strom Thurmond

394
Q

How old was Strom Thurmond when he died

A

100

395
Q

Despite his anti civil rights stance, how long was Strom Thurmond a senator

A

until his death in 2003

396
Q

What was the name for black institutions established before the Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

Historically Black Colleges and Universities

397
Q

What were the NACCP’s 4 famous cases

A

Smith v. Allwright (1944), Shelley v. Kraemer (1948), Sweatt v. Painter (1950), Boran v. Board of Education

398
Q

What was ruled in Smith v. Allwright

A

that states could not exclude black voters from primaries

399
Q

What did Shelly v. Kraemer strike down

A

race-based restrictive housing covenants

400
Q

What did Sweatt v. Painter deem

A

separate facilities for Black professional and graduate students unconstitutional

401
Q

What was Thurgood Marshall’s most famous case

A

Brown v. Board

402
Q

What did Brown v. Board of Education say has no place

A

the “separate but equal” doctrine

403
Q

What does daily life today come from?

A

the 1950s

404
Q

What were one of the two commercial forms that would dominate the rest of the century

A

Fast Food

405
Q

Who bought McDonals from the McDonalds brothers

A

Ray Kroc, the Chicago-born son of Czech immigrants

406
Q

What did Ray Kroc turn McDonalds into

A

the largest chain of restaurants in the world

407
Q

What did Kroc’s vision change

A

the way American consumed food, with drive ins or fast food becoming a staple of the American diet

408
Q

By 2000, how much money was the fast food industry worth

A

$100 billion

409
Q

What fast food mascot was just as recognizable to children as Santa Claus?

A

Ronald McDonald

410
Q

What program did Lyndon B. Johnson launch

A

Great Society Program, which created Medicare and Medicaid

411
Q

What was the Great Society Program

A

a dramatic expansion of liberal social programs to assist the needy and strengthen the middle class

412
Q

Who built Levittown homes

A

innovative Long Island building contractor William J. Levitt

413
Q

How did William J. Levitt allow his company to rapidly build affordable douses

A

applied mass-production techniques to construction

414
Q

How much were Levitt’s houses priced

A

$7,990

415
Q

When did Levitt’s homes first on sale

A

1947

416
Q

How did word about Levitt houses spread

A

word of mouth which brought buyers to his Levittowns in NY, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey

417
Q

T/F: Levitt’s houses were very unique

A

False - many developers across the country copied him

418
Q

How were Levittown homes restricting

A

they only allowed members of the caucasian race

419
Q

What did the Federal Housing Administration do?

A

issue thirty year mortgages with as little as 5% down payment and a 2-3% intest

420
Q

What did the Veterans Administration do?

A

require only a token $1 down payment for qualified ex-GIs

421
Q

What did home mortgages help push

A

home ownership rates to 60% by 1960

422
Q

T/F: Playboy was very popular at its time

A

true

423
Q

T/F: Playboy magazine had a lot of influence

A

False - few actually pursued its fantasy lifestyle as marriage still remained the final destination

424
Q

Who was Alfred Kinsley

A

a published zoologist by Indiana University

425
Q

What was Alfred Kinsey’s nickname

A

sex doctor

426
Q

What did Alfred Kinsey document

A

full range of sexual experiences of thousands of Americans

427
Q

What taboos did Alfred Kinsey break?

A

homosexuality, marital infidelity

428
Q

What phrase was coined because of the Kinsey report

A

“Hotter than the Kinsey Report

429
Q

What did the ladies home journal teach women?

A

how to raise children, make a home, be a devoted wife

430
Q

What milestone did the Ladies Home Journal surpass?

A

The first magazine with a million subscribers

431
Q

What question did the Ladies Home Journal ask

A

“Is college Education Wasted on Women?”

432
Q

What was the new phrase on US coins in 1956

A

In god we trust

433
Q

What caused Many Americans to affirm their religious faith

A

the Age of Anxiety

434
Q

What were religious revivals caleld

A

crusades

435
Q

What was Billy Graham the leading of

A

the nation’s leading evangelical

436
Q

What was Billy Graham’s most famous revival

A

the 1957 revival at Madison Square Garden which lasted more than 3 months

437
Q

How did Billy Graham spread his message?

A

TV, radio, and advertising

438
Q

What did Jack Kerouac’s On the Road glorify

A

spontaneity, sexual adventurism, drug use, and iconoclastic spirituality (attacks on traditional beliefs of spirituality)

439
Q

What was the unofficial manifesto of the Beat movement

A

Howl

440
Q

What were the beats

A

a small group of literacy figured in NY, LA, and SF who rejected mainstream culture and celebrated personal freedoms

441
Q

T/F: The beats were very political

A

false - but they would inspire the defiant counterculture of subsequent generations

442
Q

Who pioneered R&B

A

Chuck Berry, Little Richard, and Fat Domino

443
Q

Who introduced America to R&B and popularized the name Rock N’ Roll

A

Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed

444
Q

What caused the rise of Rock ‘n’ roll

A

the rise of the middle class, which allowed for more spending power

445
Q

Who was the first breakout Rock ‘n’ roll performer

A

Elvis Presely

446
Q

Who recorded originally Elvis’ Presley’s hit “Hound Dog”

A

Big Mama Thorton, a black women

447
Q

What is this quote in reference to “If I could find a white man who had the Negro sound and Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars”

A

Elvis Presley and ingrained racism in Rock n’ Roll

448
Q

What does Kennedy justify in his first inaugural address

A

nuclear weapons arsenal;

449
Q

What is Kennedy’s first inaugural address about

A

foreign policy

450
Q

What did LaFeber think drove American descisions

A

money and greed

451
Q

What irony does LaFeber point out?

A

that America both promoted free, individualistic society while having secret military forces and alliances

452
Q

How many “cold wars” does LaFeber say there are

A

4

453
Q

What is Hughes denied because he is black

A

a literal and metaphorical seat at the table

454
Q

T/F: Hughes is very aggressive in his poem

A

False - he wants people to patiently wait for civil rights

455
Q

What author does Hughes allude to in his poem I, too

A

Walt Whitman

456
Q

What 3 things does King elude to in I have a Dream

A

Decleration of Independence, Emancipation Proclamation, and Constitution

457
Q

What does King quote in his I have a Dream

A

the bible

458
Q

What historically significant event does Obama recognize

A

Bloody Sunday and the Selma March

459
Q

How does Obama’s defenition of American exceptionalism difer from the commonly used one

A

it says American exceptionalism comes from the small, “unimportant” person, not the Great Man

460
Q

What did Freedom Rides convince the ICC to do?

A

desegregate buses

461
Q

What was Johnson’s focus in the war on poverty

A

focusing on poverty as a social problem rather than economic, and training rather than income

462
Q

When was the Berlin Wall constructed

A

1961

463
Q

When did JFK fly to West Berlin

A

1963

464
Q

What famous event happened at Checkpoint Charlie

A

Berlin Standoff

465
Q

What 3 new security apparatuses were made because of containment policy

A

National Security Council, CIA, and Atomic Energy Commission

466
Q

What report called for the creation of the Hydrogen Bomb

A

NSC-68

467
Q

Where was containment policy first mentioned

A

Long telegram

468
Q

Where and when was the Marshall plan introduced

A

Harvard’s commencement address June 1947

469
Q

Instead of calling it a war, what did Truman call the Korean war

A

“police action”

470
Q

What war tactics did the US use in the Korean war

A

scorched earth

471
Q

What physicist worked on the Manhattan project and leaked information to Soviets and Chinese

A

Klatches Fuchs

472
Q

What are 3 famous spies

A

Rosenbergs, Alfred Hiss, Whitaker Chambers

473
Q

What accord did the US neglect when they rigged SOuthern vietnam election to support the anticommunist Diem regime

A

Geneva Accords

474
Q

T/F: Eisenhower was successfully able to avoid American War in Vietnam

A

True

475
Q

What were 3 minor successes of the Fair Deal

A

expanded Social Security, increased minimum wage, and the national housing act of 1949

476
Q

What did Joseph McCarthy announce that he had

A

a list of 205 communists in the state department

477
Q

What war, which Americans were growing tired of, helped give support to Ike

A

Korean War

Summer US History (13 decks)

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