Unit 6 Test Flashcards
What is capitalism
an economic an political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit
What is democracy?
A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives
What does NATO stand for?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
What is NATO?
A security agreement system and America’s first peacetime military alliance outside the Western Hemisphere
How many countries were first involved of NATO?
12
What did NATO claim they were not against?
Russia
In reality, what was NATO really for?
Protection against Russia, if Russia attacked one of them, they attacked all of them
What is a first world nation?
a mostly developed nation
What was the political system of communism, in theory
No government
What was the communist political system in Russia, in reality?
an authoritarian system with a dictator
What theory is communism based off of?
Marxist theory
How did Stalin enforce his rule
with gulags, forced labor camps which killed 30-40 million people?
What are 5 examples of a first world nation?
Italy, France, Japan, UK, US
What is economic communism
A theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their ability and needs
What was the Warsaw pact
An Eastern alliance, meant to counter NATO
What 8 countries were a part of the Warsaw Pact
Soviet Union, Poland, Romania, Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Albania
What Is a second world country?
A country not as developed as a first world country, but more developed than a third world country
What are 4 examples of second world nations?
Russia Poland China Slovakia
What nations particularly were classified as second world nations?
Communist nations
What were third world nations
newly emerged countries, least developed and generally former colonies
What are 3 examples of third world countries
India, Mexico, Costa Rica
What were third world countries to the Soviet Union and U.S.?
pawns
What are fourth world nations?
nations where natural disasters leave no development, which ensure in chaos and poverty
What are 3 examples of Fourth World Countries
Haiti, Niger, Djibouti
What did FDR give away at the Yalta conference and why?
Eastern Europe because he was not feeling well
How did the Yalta conference divide Germany and Berlin?
into four zones
Who controlled each of the four zones of Germany?
The Big Three (Britain, U.S., Soviet Union), and France
What organization was created as a result of the Yalta Conference?
United Nations
What 2 committees was the UN divided into
General Assembly and Security Council
What countries were a part of the Security Council?
5 permanent “winners” of WWII and 6 other nations that rotated
What power did the Big 5 of the security council have?
veto power over the general assembly
What was Truman’s weakness in the Potsdam Conference?
He was not worldly and did not understand international politics
How did the Potsdam conference lead to the Cold War
Stalin got control of Eastern European governments
What compromise was made between Truman and Stalin in the Potsdam conference?
Truman convinced Stalin to take reparations from the Soviet zone of Germany, and U.S. recognized a redrawn German-Polish border favored by Stalin
What was the Berlin Blockade
An attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to limit travel to West Berlin?
What was the result of the Berlin Blockade?
Truman and the British only grew more resolute, saying they were going to stay put
What was the Berlin Airlift?
America and British planned to fly 2.5 million tons of food and fuel to West Berlin
What was Stalin’s reaction to the Berlin Airlift?
He did not retaliate, and ended up lifting the blockade
What was the Berlin Wall?
A wall, put up by the Soviet Union, that separated the Berlin to prevent people from the Soviet-controlled East from escaping to the US-controll West Berlin
What was important about JFK going to West Berlin?
He flew into enemy territory, a very risky move
What was JFK’s famous quote from his time in West Berlin?
“I am Berliner”
What president also flew to West Berlin, other than JFK
Ronald Regan
What did Ronald Regan say in West Berlin?
“Tear down that wall”
What was Checkpoint Charlie?
A famous gate between East and West Berlin
What happened at Checkpoint Charlie?
Prisoners were exchanged, and US and Soviet tanks faced off there
What declaration did the Truman doctrine expand on?
Roosevelt Corollary
What did the Truman Doctrine state
the there was an American responsibility to support free people resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities and outside pressures
Who did the U.S. aid as a result of the Truman doctrine?
aided Greece and Turkey, afraid of the expansion of communism there
What was the Marshall Plan?
A $13 billion dollar plan to rebuild European eonomy
What did the Marshall plan aim to do?
rebuild cities, industries, infrastructure, and trade, which helped increase production and trade
What did the Marshall plan wish to prevent?
The spread of communism
What caused the China Revolution
Mao Zedong took over Nationalist forces under Jiang Jieshi
How much money did US aid to Jian Jieshi and why?
$2 billion, needing to “save” China
Why did the US remove their involvement in the Chinese revolution?
US did not want to war with China, so they stepped out as Mao took over
What dispute did the China revolution cause
A dispute with Taiwan, where Jiang fled, but Taiwan recognized themselves as Chinese
What was Taiwan not allowed to do
Own a flag or allowed to join the UN
What did the China Revolution generate?
fear over the spread of communism through the domino theory
T/F: The domino theory is about communism
False - it is about global influence and power
What zone was made as a result of the Korean War
DMZ (demilitarized Zone), which split Korea at the 38th parallel
What side supported north Korea
USSR
What country supported South Korea
U.S.
What did the Korean War signify?
the first military action of the Cold War/first proxy war
What is the Korean War referred to and why?
the “Forgotten War” for the lack of attention it received compared to more well-known conflicts
Who was Douglas MacArthur
a military general who served in both World Wars as well as the Cold War
What was Douglas MacArthur’s role in the Korean War?
He lead South Korea to the China Border
What was the result of Douglas MacArthur’s attack?
provoked Chinese involvement in the Korean War, and the Chinese attacked UN forces
What was the Arms Race?
a race between the USSR and US over the creation and stockpiling of superior nuclear weapons
What did both the USSR and US spend a lot on as a result of the Arms Race
an enormous amount of money, materials, and labor
What was the result of the Arms Race
it increased the tension and hostility between the US and USSR because many spies leaked Information about weapons to the USSR
What does MAD stand for?
Mutually Assured Destruction
What is MAD?
The notion that a nuclear attack by one superpower would be met with an overwhelming nuclear counterattack such that both the attacker and the defender would be annihilated
What was present, on both sides, during the Cold War?
Spies and Double Spies
What country proved the domino theory?
Vietnam
How was Vietnam split?
US wanted to stop the spread of communism in the South, and Guerrilla fighters in the north prevented that
Who was predicted to win the election: Dewey or Truman?
Dewey
Why did many believe that Dewey actually won over Truman?
A newspaper published it
Who incorrectly called the election between Dewey and Truman?
The Chicago Daily Tribune
What does the famous “Dewey defeats Truman” photo depict?
the Chicago Tribune headline was famously held up by Truman at a stop at St. Louis Union Station, smiling triumphantly
What was the Fair Deal
Truman’s plans for domestic policy reforms including national health insurance, public housing, civil rights legislation, and aid to education
What was the Loyalty Security Program designed to do?
root out communist influence in the U.S. federal government and keep communists and other subversives out of jobs in the government
Why was the Loyalty Security Program created?
due to the fear of communism at home and in government agencies
Why was the Loyalty Security Program criticized?
it was a weapon of hysteria attacking law-abiding citizens
What could prior involvement in protests or labor strikes be grounds for?
investigation under the Loyalty Security Program
Who was Joseph McCarthy?
an American politician who served as a Republican US Senator from the state of Wisconsin
What is McCarthyism?
the political repression and persecution of left-wing individuals and a campaign spreading fear of alleged communist and Soviet influence on American institutions
What is a Red Scare?
the promotion of a widespread fear of a potential rise of communism, anarchism, or other leftist ideologies by a society or state
What was the First Red Scare
a perceived threat from the American labor movement, anarchist revolution, and political radicalism, occurring immediately after World War I
What was the second Red Scare
the perception that national or foreign communists were infiltrating or subverting American society and the federal government, occurring after WWII
What did the House Un-American Committee do?
put communists on trial
What was the House Un-American Committee?
an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives
What was the goal of the House Un-American Committee
to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected on having communist ties
What was the House Un-American committees anticommunist investigations often associated with?
McCarthyism
Who did Diwght “Ike” Eisenhower defeat
Adlai Stevenson
What did Ike manage during his presidency
Cold War-era tensions with the Soviet Union under the looming threat of nuclear weapons
What war did Ike end and when?
War in Korea in 1953
What did Ike authorize
a number of covert anti-communist operations by the CIA around the world
What did Ike strengthen?
Social Security
What did Ike create, that is still used today, and you have probably even used many times
massive new Interstate Highway System
What did Ike do behind the scenes
maneuvered to discredit the rabid anti-communist Senator Joseph McCarthy
Why was the Interstate Highway System created
for a fast evacuation from bombs
Who created the Interstate Highway System
Dwight “Ike” Eisenhower
What did the Interstate Highway system allow for?
an urban sprawl and suburbanization
What was JFK the first of?
young and catholic president?
What did the Peace Corps do?
volunteer in Third World nations to help build infrastructure
Who established the Peace Corps?
JFK
How is JFK similar to Lincoln
at first, didn’t support Civil Rights, but later granted them
What happened in the Bay of Pigs
JFK sent troops to invade Cuba, but they are stopped
What is the Bay of Pigs an example of
American distrust
What was the Bay of Pigs
a failed attack launched by the CIA during the Kennedy administration to push Cuban leader Fidel Castro from power
What caused failure in the Bay of Pigs?
invaders were badly outnumbered by Castro’s troops, and they surrendered after less than 24 hours of fighting
What was sputnik
the first Russian space satellite
What did the sputnik launch cause?
a lot of suspicion and paranoia in America, which prompted a race over space exploration
What caused the Cuban Missile Crisis?
US found missile bases in Cuba
What is the Cuban Missile Crisis the closest we have ever gotten to?
a nuclear war
What did JFK do after he found missile bases in Cuba?
put out a naval blockade that didn’t allow Soviets into the US
What prevented a nuclear war in the Cuban Missile Crisis?
MAD - Mutually Assured Destruction
Where did Americans hold their nuclear weapons?
Turkey
What philosopher hated democracy
Plato
What type of government did Plato support?
oligarchy
What American things did Plato dislike?
Cars, TVs, and people enjoying their life
What is American economy based off of?
consumerism
How was the postwar boom defined by?
the dramatic expansion of consumer markets
In the 1950s, what was consumption associated with?
American citizenship, as it fulfilled a social responsibility
Where did the Kitchen Debate take place?
in the kitchen of a model home at the American National Exposition in Moscow
Who debated in the Kitchen debates?
Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Kruschev
What was debated in the Kitchen Debate?
the value of frozen meatloaf on a tray, and American middle class life and the convenience for American consumers
What did the Kitchen debate symbolize
the Cold War contest over the standard of living in the homes of both nations
What was the featured high school on Life Magazine
New Trier
What did Life Magazine promote?
white suburban affluent communities
Who published Life Magazine?
Henry luce
What was Life Magazine
the nations leading opinion magazine, and shaped the opinions of millions of Americans
Where was the Bretton Woods Conference hosted?
Bretton Woods, New Hampshire
What 2 things did the Bretton Woods Conference establish?
The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
What was the World Bank
an international bank that provided loans for reconstruction of Europe and development of previously colonized nations
What was the World Bank similar to, but separate from
Marshall Plan
What was the International Monetary Fund
a fund that stabilized national currencies and created a predictable environment for trade with the U.S. dollar as the benchmark
What did the International Monetary Fund Establish as the monetary standard
the American dollar
What does the Bretton Woods conference prove about America
that we liked that we won WWII, we like being in positions of power
What do critics of the Bretton Woods Conference say
that the conference favored the US at expense of recently independent countries
What was the military-industrial complex
an alliance between the Defense Department and a network of large corporations
What caused the military-industrial complex
an escalating arms race during the Cold War, which enhanced the business-government partnerships of WWII,
When did Eisenhower cation Americans of the military-industrial complex
in his farewell address, fearing it exerted undue influence over the government
What states did the military-industrial complex benefit the most?
Mid-Atlantic states, industrialized upper midwest, Washington State, and California
How many people did the military-industrial complex employ?
More than 3.5 million
What fraction of the GDP did military spending represent?
10%
What were Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
corporate organizations that own the production of goods/services in a country other than its home country
What companies were the greatest facilitators of globalization
Walmart, Apple, McDonalds
What happened for the first time, in respects to MNCs
there were parts made globally and shipped back to America
What did MNCs give way to?
exploitation and manufacturing jobs
What was the National Defense Education Act of 1958 in response to? (THIS IS ON THE TEST)
Sputnik, because Eisenhower was alarmed that the US was falling behind after the Soviet Union launched the world’s first satellite in 1957, so he persuaded Congress to act
What did the National Defense Education Act of 1958 provide
more scholarships and millions of dollars of funding into college research/education
Who did the National Defense Education Act of 1958 help?
institutions like Stanford and MIT to become leading research centers
What type of education did the National Defense Education Act of 1958 push?
STEM Education, resulting in more math and science teachers
What was the rise of the middle class?
three decades of sustained economic growth, which created an affluent society
At what rate were middle class families increasing at?
1.1 million per year
What was the Urban Crisis
Because suburban growth came at the expense of cities, urban decay was hastened
What resulted of the Urban Crisis?
deepened racial segregation as African Americans moved to cities, but only were further burdened by declining urban economies
What did Urban renewal programs do?
demolished neighborhoods, moving those who were dislocated to federally funded housing projects?
What did not get enough public funding
Public housing
What did Public Housing often take the form of?
Cheaply built high-rises that isolated itself from surrounding neighborhoods, creating “pockets of poverty”
What is an example of the poor hunting to Public Houses
Robert Taylor Homes in Chicago
What was public housing racially used for
to put black people in their own, segregated areas
T/F: Whites also experienced poverty
True
What caused West Virginia to become a democratic state
White poverty
How did television change history?
Lives revolved around television time, “I have to be home at 7 on Thursday to catch my show!”
What was TV the primary venue for
Advertising
What was American programming and commercials centered on?
white, Protestant world of middle class life, with no ethnic racial or class diversity
What was a popular television series about suburban life
Leave it To Beaver
What are 2 reasons for the rise of the teenager during the 1950s
economic game (created a new consumer market) and college industry
How was the cultural phenomenon of teenagers focused on?
spending power of the “teenager” as a key target for advisers
Who stared in a “rebel without a cause”
James Dean
What became a commodity of teen culture
rebellion
What did movies play a large role in?
fostering teenage culture as young people were the largest audience
Why did teenagers favor Rock N’ Roll?
teenagers favored the louder, faster sounds of R&B
What two works of literature were a part of the Beat generation
Howl by Ginsberg (poem), On the Road by Jack Kerouac (novel)
Who was Billy Graham?
A famous religious leader who led crusades
What phrase was added to the Pledge of Allegiance during the 1950s
“Under God”
Who consisted in a nuclear family
mom, dad, 2.2 kids, dog, white picket fence
What was there no of in a nuclear family
no divorce
What happened as a result of the nuclear family
higher birth rate
What magazine “taught women how to act”
Ladies Home Jounal
What 2 things did the Kinsey Report say
That Americans were having sex outside of marriage, and that only 10% of people were exclusively gay or straight
Who was Hugh Hefner
owner of playboy magazine, which caused widespread access to porn
T/F: Feminists did not like playboy magazine
False - they had mixed opinions on it
What did Booker T. Washington believe?
that blacks had to prove they were equal to Whites by studying hard to get into college
Who reflects Booker T. Washington’s approach today?
Justice Clarence Thomas
Who was the opposite of Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. DuBouis
What did W.E.B. Du Bois believe
that people needed to protest for their civil rights
Who shared W.E.B. Du Bois’s beliefs
Thurgood Marshall. a NAACP lawyer
What does NAACP stand for
National Assoziation for the advancement of colored people
