Unit 7 Lesson 1 Flashcards
What is a nation?
a large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.
What is a nation-state
a sovereign state that has a permanent population, government, defined territory, and is internationally recognized.
What is a need?
basic requirements for human survival such as food, water, shelter, health
What is a want?
what people desire whether or not it is required to survive such as nice clothes or a fancy car.
What are some common motives of a nation?
-Needs of their people
-Providing economic stability, peace and security, self-determination, and humanitarian activities.
What is economic nationalism?
a set of practices to create, bolster, and protect national economies in the context of world markets.
What is protectionism?
a policy of protecting domestic industries against foreign competition by means of tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, or other restrictions or handicaps placed on the imports of foreign competitors.
What are some things instrumental to having economic stability?
Realting to jobs
high employment rate OR a low unemployment rate
Why is having a high empolyment rate crucial to eocnomic stability?
allow the majority of people to have more money to spend on goods which, in turn, creates more demand and more jobs giving more people more money. (Diagram above)
What is another crucial thing to seure economic stability?
good education system so that all required jobs can be filled.
Why is peace and security important for a nation?
It is difficult for people to be productive when they are constantly in fear - allows poelple to go to school or work and be productive
What protects peace and security in Canada?
Canada, because of the charter of rights and freedoms this is something that the government must provide
Why does peace and security lead to cooperation between nations?
Nations want this same security and often try to work with others to ensure peaceful coexistence
What is decolonization?
Decolonization once viewed as the formal process of handing over the instruments of government, is now recognized as a long-term process involving the bureaucratic, cultural, linguistic, and psychological divesting of colonial power
What does decolonization result in?
Decolonization restores the Indigenous world view
Decolonization restores culture and traditional ways
Decolonization replaces Western interpretations of history with Indigenous perspectives of history
What is self-determination?
determination by the people of a territorial unit of their own future political status
What are humanitarian acts?
often involve people of a community working together to help each other. Often these communities are local but, as we have seen, communities can extend to much broader definitions.
This can involve fundraising and sheltering or protecting those in need.
What is isolation?
When the country completely avoids interacting with the rest of the world.
For example, Japan before 1854 or The United States’ Glorious Isolation prior to the Great War.
What is unlaterlism?
when a country responds to an event by themselves (uni = one)
What is bilaterlism?
when 2 countries are motivated by the same issue and they both respond to it. For example the 1991 agreement between Canada and the US to reduce acid rain.
What is multilaterlism?
involves several countries working together such as when “middle powers” (countries that have some say in things but aren’t superpowers – like Canada) work together to have a more powerful voice than they would alone.
What is liberal internationlism?
Cluster of ideas derived from the belief that international progress is possible, where progress is defined as movement toward increasing levels of harmonious cooperation between political communities.
What is revolutionary Internationlism?
The belief that conflicts within societies are determined by international factors and alliances
What is hegemonic internationlism?
Theory that the world is being integrated based on unequal terms, with the dominance of one nation or nation-state over others.
What is globalization?
is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.
What is internationlism?
the principle of cooperation among nations, for the promotion of their common good, sometimes as contrasted with nationalism, or devotion to the interests of a particular nation.
What is continentalism?
a term used to describe the theory of closer ties (eg, in the form of closer trade links, energy sharing or common water-use policies)
What is supranationlism?
when countries agree to abide by the decisions of international organizations. An example would be the European Union because in order to join a nation must give up some of its decision making power in return.
What is NGO?
Non-Governmental Organizations are independent of governments and can be seen as two types, advocacy NGOs, which aim to influence governments with a specific goal, and operational NGOs, which provide services.
What is an INGO?
International Non-Governmental organization extends the concept of a non-governmental organization to an international scope.
What is an IGO?
Intergovernmental Organization is an international organization composed primarily of sovereign states.
What is WHO?
An IGO Founded in 1948 as an agency of the United Nations.
It is responsible for coordinating information about diseases and measuring nutrition, sanitation, population planning and health of mothers and children.
An example of how this ties into what we have been talking about, when the last case of smallpox was recorded, treated, and eradicated it gave everyone more security and peace of mind.
The WHO is also reporting on and partnering with nations to provide assessments and information on the Coronavirus Pandemic, as well as working towards a vaccine.
How does internationlism benefit nations?
In order to prevent catastrophic wars like those of the 20th Century, the world has come together in a multitude of various ways.
By doing this we have been able to promote the 4 things that many nations are motivated by:
Security & Peace
Economic Stability
Self-Determination
Humanitarianism
What is foregin policy?
general objectives that guide the activities and relationships of one state in its interactions with other states. The development of foreign policy is influenced by domestic considerations, the policies or behaviour of other states, or plans to advance specific geopolitical designs.
What are some influences of foregin policy?
People – community groups, ethnic groups, etc.
NGO’s
GO’s – our government, other governments
Experts – universities
Media
Business and industry
Others
How could foregin policy be influenced?
Powerful companies, Members of Parliament, and special interest groups (eg. oil companies) can strongly influence a government’s foreign policy.
Why are foregin policy goals important?
Only states with clear objectives, acting on strong domestic consensus, will be able to deploy significant influence and play an effective role in this new world
What are some foregin policy goals of canada?
Global Affairs Canada will:
Preserve and support Canadian prosperity and security.
Promote a just, inclusive, and sustainable world, with a focus on gender responsiveness.
Implement Canada’s Feminist Foreign Policy, advocating for equal participation in economic, political, social, and cultural life.
Advance rights-based, open, and inclusive societies as a pathway to global safety and prosperity.
Carry out diplomatic, trade, security, and development programs aligned with these commitments.
Are domestic and foreign policies distinctly separate in a globalized world?
No, they are increasingly interconnected as global issues influence domestic policies.
Q: How can environmental issues abroad affect Canada?
A: Pollution in China, Amazon deforestation, and melting polar ice caps can impact Canadian air quality, climate, and biodiversity.
Q: What are some domestic impacts of international trade?
A: International trade influences labor, environmental policies, transportation, consumption, and use of national resources within Canada.
Q: How do international trade rules affect domestic policies?
A: They now impact labor, environmental, and other domestic policies, once solely controlled by individual states.
Q: How can international environmental obligations affect Canada?
They can have major implications for producers, consumers, and both federal and provincial governments in Canada.
How does domestic demand shape foreign policy in a global economy?
A: Domestic demand for fair, open trade increasingly drives foreign policy priorities focused on creating a better international environment for trade.
What is a challenge in balancing national and international interests?
Finding alignment between global environmental commitments and domestic economic priorities, as seen in differing Canadian approaches to the Kyoto Accord
How did the Liberal and Conservative approaches to the Kyoto Accord differ?
The Liberals agreed to Kyoto’s international environmental standards, while Harper’s Conservatives criticized it for being economically costly and created a domestic-focused alternative.
What was Harper’s “Made-in-Canada” approach?
It was a strategy focused on protecting Canada’s environment specifically, emphasizing clean water, land, and energy for future generations over global commitments.
Why did Harper’s government cut funding for Kyoto regulations?
They argued that the economic costs of Kyoto regulations were too high for Canada.
What was the primary focus of the “Made-in-Canada” approach?
Ensuring a sustainable environment within Canada, prioritizing national resources and long-term ecological health.
What are some ways that we promote internationlism through foregin policy?
Peacekeeping
International Law
Foregin Aid
What is a powerful use of foreign policy?
To promote peace in other countries.
Should a country receiving aid adopt the values and policies of the country providing it?
This is debated, as it may lead to influence over the recipient country’s cultural and political systems.
How can the effectiveness of each foreign aid initiative be measured?
By evaluating tangible outcomes, such as improvements in stability, health, education, and economic development in the recipient country.
How can we determine if foreign aid funds are used effectively?
Through transparency and accountability measures, tracking spending, and assessing long-term impact on the recipient community.
What is collective security?
The condition of protecting all members of a group or collective from danger.
The United Nations tries to ensure the collective security of all members
What are the six main organs of the UN?
General Assembly
Secuirty Council
Economic and Social Council
Trusteeship Council
International court of justice
Secretariat
What is the point of the general assembly?
The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN.
All 193 Member States of the UN are represented in the General Assembly, making it the only UN body with universal representation.
What is the purpose of the security council?
The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the UN Charter, for the maintenance of international peace and security.
It has 15 Members (5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members). Each Member has one vote. 5 permanent members: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States of America.
What is the purpose of the conomic and social council?
The Economic and Social Council is the principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as implementation of internationally agreed development goals. It has 54 members that are elected by the General Assembly with terms lasting three years.
What is the purpose of the trusteeship council?
The Trusteeship Council was established in 1945 by the UN Charter, under Chapter XIII, to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories that had been placed under the administration of seven Member States, and ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the Territories for self-government and independence.
By 1994, all Trust Territories had attained self-government or independence.
The Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1 November 1994, but as of 25 May 1994 they will now meet as required.
What is the purpose of the international court of justice?
The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.
Its seat is at the Peace Palace in the Hague (Netherlands).
It is the only one of the six principal organs of the United Nations not located in New York (United States of America).
The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.
What is the purpose of the secretariat?
The Secretariat comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the Organization’s other principal organs.
The Secretary-General is chief administrative officer of the Organization, appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year, renewable term
When did the Suez Crisis begin?
Oct 29, 1956
What triggered the Suez Crisis?
Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, prompting Israeli forces to advance into Egypt.
Why was the Suez Canal so valuable?
It was a crucial waterway, controlling two-thirds of the oil supply for Europe.
Which countries joined Israel in the conflict?
France and Britain joined the Israeli forces.
What was the international impact of the Suez Crisis?
It nearly brought the Soviet Union into the conflict and strained the relationships between the United States and its European allies.
What was the outcome of the Suez Crisis?
Egypt emerged victorious, and British, French, and Israeli forces withdrew by early 1957.
Who proposed a peacekeeping solution during the Suez Crisis?
Canadian Foreign Minister Lester B. Pearson.
What did Lester B. Pearson suggest to resolve the Suez Crisis?
He proposed that the UN send peacekeepers from neutral countries to maintain peace in the area until the conflict was resolved.
Why was Pearson’s peacekeeping idea significant?
It became a model for all future UN peacekeeping missions.
how many peacekeeping missions has Canada participated in?
Canada has been involved in over 50 peacekeeping missions worldwide.
What were some failures of the UN and peacekeeping?
Former Yugoslavia
- limited numbers & military power
- orders to avoid using force
- could not prevent genocide
Rwanda
- unable to seize weapons
- 800,000 Rwandans will killed
What are some peacekeeping Guidlines?
Consent – Peacekeepers must respect the sovereignty of the host country.
Impartiality – Peacekeepers must not take sides
Self-defense – only use force to defend themselves.
What is the role of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)?
It interprets international law and helps resolve disputes between countries.
Do all countries follow the rulings of the ICJ?
Many countries adhere to ICJ rulings, but some choose not to accept them.
How did the United States respond to ICJ rulings in 1986?
The U.S. disavowed its involvement in aiding Nicaraguan rebels and has not participated in ICJ proceedings since.
What is another name for the International Court of Justice?
The World Court.
What are the “High Sea” rules regarding territorial waters?
Up to 370 km (200 nautical miles) from shore is considered the exclusive economic zone of a country, and the first 22 km (12 nautical miles) beyond the coast is its territorial sea.
Does Canada agree with the “High Sea” rules?
Not entirely; Canada challenges some aspects to protect its resources, especially around the Grand Banks.
Why is Canada concerned with protecting the Grand Banks?
The Grand Banks is one of the richest fishing grounds in the world, vital for Canada’s fishing industry.
What are exploratory wells?
They are test wells set up to assess potential locations for oil extraction.
How does global warming impact Arctic trade routes?
Less global sea ice allows for more potential year-round trading through the Arctic Circle, creating opportunities for increased revenue and strategic control.
Which countries are competing for control of the Arctic?
Canada, the United States, Norway, Denmark, and Russia.
What is the basis for these countries’ claims to Arctic territory?
They base their claims on seabed extensions, which would extend their exclusive economic zones in the Arctic.
Why is control over the Arctic important?
Control grants access to potential trade routes, valuable natural resources, and strategic power in the region.
Q: When was the Arctic Council formally established?
A: In 1996.
Q: What is the primary purpose of the Arctic Council?
A: To promote cooperation, coordination, and interaction among Arctic States, indigenous communities, and other inhabitants on common Arctic issues.
Q: What key issues does the Arctic Council focus on?
A: Sustainable development and environmental protection in the Arctic.
Q: Who are the members of the Arctic Council?
A: Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden, and the United States.
Q: What is foreign aid?
A: The international transfer of capital, goods, or services from a country or organization for the benefit of a recipient country or its population.
Q: What types of foreign aid exist?
Economic aid, military aid, and emergency humanitarian aid (e.g., aid given after natural disasters).
Q: What are some common forms of foreign aid?
A: Money, medicine, and education.
Q: How can monetary aid be utilized?
A: For education, infrastructure development, equipment, tools, and other essential services.
Q: What does GNI stand for?
A: Gross National Index (or Gross National Income), which measures the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, both domestically and internationally.
Q: What is the 0.7% solution?
A: A recommendation by Lester B. Pearson suggesting that countries should allocate 0.7% of their GNI to foreign aid.
Q: Which countries consistently meet the 0.7% foreign aid target?
A: Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Sweden.
Q: How much does Canada currently spend on foreign aid as a percentage of its GNI?
A: Canada spends 0.33% of its GNI on foreign aid.
Q: Is Canada’s current foreign aid spending sufficient?
A: This is a matter of debate; opinions vary on whether 0.33% is enough or too much based on global needs and national priorities.
Q: What is a common criticism of foreign aid effectiveness?
A: Aid money often doesn’t get used effectively, and it can be difficult to measure its impact.
