Unit 4 Flashcards
Describe early european exploration of canada
Euro settlment mainly along Atlantic area and down st. Lawerence River
What were some struggles of Euro explores
Were not preped for cold weather - meaning they wanted to get resources and get out
What resources made Canada so appeasing?
Fish, Fur, Trees
What was the initial relationship between aboriginal people and europeans?
Mainly peaceful with the exception of the Beothuk extermination
What factor influenced euro and aboriginal relationships
Increased populations thus more compeition for land
Following greater compeition how did the 13 colonies and Canadians differ in their approach?
13 colonies were violent and outright (using biological warefare - small pox blankets)
Canada more passive affresive - Gov’t approved overhunting of baffalo - was easier for gov’t to manipulate the FN
As FN popoulations decreased and competition increased what occured?
Colonists took many steps to make FN irrelevant
What symbol is used to express equal relationship between Euros and FN/
Gus-wen-tah or Two Row Wampum was an agreement between european settlers and the Iroqouis confederact to co-exist.
Repersents two vessels traveling together in friendship and peace but never interfering with one another.
Describe the French exploration and settlement pre confederation.
Cartier and Champlain are famous french explorers.
The french had a stronger hold in the areas along the St Lawrence river, and also had powerful forts in the Atlantic region
Describe English exploration and settlment pre-confederation.
ome British settlers moved further west to the area we now call Ontario. But most of the British went south to the Thirteen Colonies.
What was the relationship between the French and English?
French and British fought over the Atlantic region
What happened in Acadia in 1755?
The Acadians refused to pledge allegiance to the British, affirming their national identity. In response, the British expelled 14,000 Acadians, burning homes, giving land to loyal settlers, and permanently separating families. Many were sent as far as Georgia, leading to the development of the Cajun peoples.
How did the acadian crisis affect acadians afterward?
But this hardship also helped to strengthen the Acadian national identity and today there are many Acadians who have returned to the Atlantic region and celebrate their national identity within the nation-state of Canada
What was the 7 years war?
During this time the Seven Years War breaks out between Britain and France. While some fighting occurs in Europe, most of the fighting goes on in the North American colonies
What was the significance of the 1759 Battle of the Plains of Abraham?
The British defeated the French at Quebec City, gaining control. Winter pack ice halted fighting, and French reinforcements couldn’t arrive in time the next spring. The resulting peace treaty ceded nearly all of modern-day Canada to the British.
What do the people of Quebec think about the battle?
Often refer to it as a onquest as they become conqured peopel.
What event occured after the 7 years war?
In 1753 the King of England wrote the Royal Proclomation
What did the Royal Proclomation state?
That FN were a sovergin people and should be treated as such - that any interactions with them regarding things like the transfer of land had to be done by the governments, not just regular people, and that treaties would have to be signed, just as we do when we write an agreement with other nation-states today
What additional implications did the royal proclomation have?
The Royal Proclamation also limited the size of Quebec and banned catholics from participating in government – which meant basically all of the French colonists
What factors led to the creation of the Quebec Act?
But the 500 British colonists living in the area were outnumbered by 70,000 French settlers, so in 1774 the government passed the Quebec Act which gave rights to the French settlers. They were promised that their language and their religion would be protected
What are some reasons for the Quebec act?
One reason for giving the French these rights was obviously to prevent yet another war from breaking out – by telling the French that: yes, the government is British, but really your life won’t change much because your culture will be legally protected, why would the French settlers want to rebel?
How did the American Revolution impact Canada?
After the 1783 war, 40,000 Loyalists moved to Canada, claiming British-promised land. Their arrival increased the English population in Quebec, enabling demands to change government rules, despite prior French special rights.
How was the colony of Canada split up after the American Revolution?
So the colony of Canada was then split into Upper and Lower Canada with most of the francophone settlers in Lower Canada.
What led to the 1837 rebellions in uppper and lower canada?
Democaracy in America but none in Canada
What was the British’s reaction to the 1837 rebellions?
after the military ended the protests, the British government sends overLord Durham to find out just what is making everyone so unhappy
What were Lord Durhams observations?
He proposes that the British do need to reorganize the political system to allow for some democracy in their North American colonies
What do the french think about Lord Durham?
he also recommended that the French be assimilated. He felt that this idea of having two different nations within a nation-state is one of the main problems in the Canadas and needs to end now
What occurs after Lord Durhams suggestions in 1840?
The government takes Durham’s recommendations into consideration and in 1840 Canada is unified with the provinces of Canada East and Canada West then created from Lower and Upper Canada, and a legislature is established that allows representatives to speak for the people
What is the issue with the creation of Canadian Provinces in 1840?
So even though at this time the population of Canada East, which is mainly Francophone, is bigger than Canada West, which is mostly Anglophone, they both get the same voice.
And even worse, the Governor General can and does override the laws being created in the legislature. So democracy is not really working, and the French Canadians again see that they are not treated as equals.
Who were Louis LaFontaine and Robert Baldwin, and what did they achieve in 1848?
LaFontaine (Francophone) and Baldwin (Anglophone) worked together to secure responsible government. They convinced Britain to transfer governing power to elected representatives, giving Canadians greater control.
They also convinced the government to pass laws to protect the French language and culture
What does Federal mean?
The sharing of powers between different levels of government (need for provincial gov’ts)
Was inspired by Iroquois confederacy
What is confederation?
Joining together of various gov’ts
What were some influences that led to confederation?
Threat of invasion by America (civil war just ended)
Improve economy through better tread and spread of railway
Encouragment from Britian
