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Biology IGCSE > Unit 7 - Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Human Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Nutrients

A

Carbs, fats, proteins, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, iron, fibre, water

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2
Q

Function of carbs

A

To provide energy

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3
Q

Function of fats

A

To provide energy

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4
Q

Function of proteins

A

For growth and repair

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5
Q

Function of vitamin C

A

Helps wound healing, good for healthy blood vessels, skin, cartilage & bones

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6
Q

Function of vitamin D

A

Helps regulate calcium & phosphate in the body, keeps teeth, bones and muscles healthy

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7
Q

Function of iron

A

Production of hemoglobin for red blood cells and transportation of oxygen

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8
Q

Function of fibre

A

Helps digestion, moves food & faces along the gut, helps lower risk of Coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and bowel cancer

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9
Q

Function of water

A

About 60% of body mass is water, is needed in almost every process

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10
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets - Bone pain, weakness in muscles, bone loss with increased risk of fractures & skeletal deformities

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11
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy - Severe leg pain or join pain, tiredness, weakness, blue or red spots on the skin that bruise easily, swollen and bleeding gums

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12
Q

Digestive System processes

A

1.Ingestion
2.Digestion
3.Absorption
4.Assimilation
5.Egestion

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13
Q

Ingestion

A

The taking in of substances in the body through the mouth

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14
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking food down into nutrients

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15
Q

Absorption

A

The movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood

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16
Q

Assimilation

A

The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are needed

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17
Q

Egestion

A

The passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed

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18
Q

Process of ingestion

A
  • Food taken in the mouth
  • Food forms into a bolus which is swallowed
  • Waves of muscle contraction in the walls of the esophagus push bolus into the stomach
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19
Q

Alimentary canal

A

The ‘gut’

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20
Q

Journey of food

A

Mouth –> Esophagus –> Stomach –> Small intestine –> Large intestine –> Anus

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21
Q

Parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum & Ileum

22
Q

Parts of the large intestine

A

Colon & Rectum

23
Q

Salivary gland

A
  • Produces saliva that is secreted into the mouth
  • Saliva mixes with ingested food to make it soft & easy to swallow
  • Saliva has amylase, breaks starch into maltose
24
Q

Liver & Gall bladder

A
  • Liver produces bile
  • Bile digests fat
  • Bile is stored in the gall bladder & released through the bile duct into the duodenum
25
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Secretes pancreatic juice
  • helps with digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates
  • Lipase, protease and amylase
  • Is alkaline to neutralize gastric juice and because of many hydrocarbonate ions
26
Q

Physical Digestion

A

The mechanical digestion or breakdown of food into smaller pieces, done by the teeth & muscular wall of the stomach

27
Q

Bile

A
  • Bile emulsifies fats into small droplets
  • Surface area of fat increases and lets lipase digest fats into fatty acids & glycerol
28
Q

Four types of teeth

A

Incisors, canines, pre-molars, molars

29
Q

Incisors

A

Sharp, blade-like, for cutting food

30
Q

Canines

A

Strong, pointed, for tearing food

31
Q

Pre-molars

A

Combine features of canines and molars, for tearing & grinding food

32
Q

Molars

A

Broad, fat surface, for crushing and grinding food

33
Q

Structure of teeth

A

Enamel, Dentine, Pulp, Nerves, Cement, Gums

34
Q

Enamel

A

Outer white layer of teeth, hardest part of the tooth and body, made of calcium phosphate mineral

35
Q

Dentine

A

Hard bon-like substance, softer than enamel, majority of tooth, surrounds and connects to pulp

36
Q

Pulp

A

Forms center of the tooth, contains blood vessels and nerves

37
Q

Nerves

A

Attached to teeth through holes in the bottom of each tooth, lets one know how hard they are biting and if food is hot or cold

38
Q

Cement

A

Attached teeth to the jawbone

39
Q

Gums

A

Forms a layer around the teeth helping to keep teeth in place

40
Q

Amylase

A
  • Secreted in salivary glands & pancreas
  • Acts in mouth & small intestine
  • Breaks starch down into maltose
41
Q

Lipase

A
  • Secreted in pancreas
  • Acts in small intestine
  • Breaks fat down into fatty acids and glycerol
42
Q

Pepsin

A
  • Secreted in the stomach
  • Acts in the stomach
  • Breaks protein down into amino acids
  • Optimum pH - 2
43
Q

Trypsin

A
  • Secreted in the pancreas
  • Acts in the small intestine
  • Breaks protein down into amino acids
  • Optimum pH - 9
44
Q

Maltase

A
  • Secreted in the small intestine
  • Acts in the small intestine
  • Breaks maltose down into glucose
45
Q

Gastric Juice

A
  • Mixture secreted in the stomach
  • Contains hydrochloric acid
  • Provides acid pH for enzymes to work
  • Kills bacteria in food and denatures harmful enzymes in microorganisms
46
Q

Chemical digestion

A

The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

47
Q

Absorption location

A
  • Digested food is absorbed in the small intestine
  • Water is absorbed in the small intestine & colon
48
Q

Adaptations of the small intestine

A
  • Walls of the small intestine are covered in villi
49
Q

Function of villi

A
  • Absorb amino acids, simple sugar and water
  • Increased surface area rapidly absorbs digest food molecules and water into the bloodstream
50
Q

Structure of Villi

A
  • Finger-like projections that increase surface area of the small intestine
  • Cell membrane of cell lining surface are microvilli
  • Epithelium is outside lining of villus
  • Lacteal on inside - absorbs Fays into the lymphatic system
  • Fluid passes into blood in circulatory system
  • Capillaries wrapped around lacteal to increase absorption efficiency

Biology IGCSE (21 decks)

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