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Biology IGCSE > Unit 17 - Inheritance > Flashcards

Unit 17 - Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

location of genetic information in DNA

A

Genes

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2
Q

Gene

A

Length of DNA that codes for a particular protein

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2
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative versions of each gene

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3
Q

Two types of sex chromosomes

A

X & Y

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4
Q

Haploid nucleus

A
  • Nucleus of a gamete
  • Has 23 chromosomes
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5
Q

Diploid nucleus

A
  • Nucleus of a body cell
  • Has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
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6
Q

Location of chromosomes

A

Nucleus of a cell

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7
Q

Male sex chromosomes

A

XY

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8
Q

Female sex chromosomes

A

XX

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9
Q

Sex chromosome of a sperm cell

A

X or Y

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10
Q

Sex chromosome of an egg cell

A

X

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11
Q

Four bases in DNA

A
  • A
  • T
  • C
  • G
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12
Q

Shape of DNA

A

Double helix

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13
Q

Complementary base pairs

A
  • A & T
  • C & G
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14
Q

Genetic code

A
  • Sequences of bases in a gene
  • Determines the order that amino acids are joined to make a specific protein
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15
Q

Proteins that can be made from gene expression

A
  • Enzymes
  • Antibodies
  • Receptors for neurotransmitters
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16
Q

Location of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes in the cytoplasm

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17
Q

mRNA

A
  • Messenger RNA
  • Transports information of DNA because DNA is too large to move out the nucleus
  • Similar but base T is replaced with U
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18
Q

Stages of protein synthesis

A
  1. DNA molecule in the nucleus unzips, exposing the bases in a gene
  2. mRNA molecule is formed by the exposed bases as a template and the bases in the mRNA pair with the complementary bases in DNA to carry a copy of the gene
  3. mRNA molecule moves out the nucleus into the cytoplasm
  4. Ribosome reads mRNA code and joins amino acids to form a protein following the sequence of bases
19
Q

Mitosis

A

A type of nuclear division that gives rise to genetically identical cells

20
Q

Cells produced by nuclear division

A

Daughter cells

21
Q

Occurrences in mitosis

A
  • Chromosomes are replicated exactly so there are two copies
  • Nucleus of the cell divides into two with one copy of each chromosome in each new cell
22
Q

Stem cells

A
  • Unspecialized cells that divide by mitosis
  • Cells can differentiate to become specialized for a particular function
23
Q

Location of stem cells

A

Embryos, umbilical cords, adult bone marrow

24
Q

Examples of mitosis

A
  • Growth
  • Preparing damaged tissue after injury
  • Asexual reproduction
25
Q

Meiosis

A

A type of nuclear division that gives rise to cells that are genetically different

26
Q

Use of meiosis

A
  • Production of gametes (testicles, ovaries, anthers)
27
Q

Occurrences in meiosis

A
  • Each chromosome is exactly duplicated
  • Number of chromosome is halved- reduction division
  • Diploid cell becomes four haploid cells
  • Cross over forms variation where the chromosomes in a pair swap parts with each other making two new chromosomes
28
Q

Inheritance

A

The transmission of genetic information from generation to generation

29
Q

Homozygous

A

If there are two identical alleles in a gene

30
Q

Heterozygous

A

If there are two different alleles in a gene

31
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable features of an organism

32
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic make-up of an organism in terms of its alleles

33
Q

Pure-breeding

A

When two identical homozygous individuals breed together and the offspring inherits the same alleles

34
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Breeding of two individuals that differ in their alleles for a particular gene

35
Q

Dominant allele

A

Always expressed if present

36
Q

Recessive allele

A

Only expressed if the dominant allele is not present

37
Q

Notation for dominant and recessive alleles

A
  • Dominant uses uppercase
  • Recessive uses lowercase
38
Q

Carriers

A

Individual who carries one copy of a recessive allele for a genetic characteristic

39
Q

Genotype used in a test cross

A

Homozygous recessive

40
Q

Codominance

A

Where two different alleles for a characteristic influence the phenotype to the same extent

41
Q

Genotypes of blood

A
  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • O
  • Shows A & B are codominant and A & B are dominant to O
42
Q

Inherited characteristics from sex chromosomes

A

Sex-linked characteristics

43
Q

Examples of sex-linked characteristics

A
  • Hemophilia
  • Red-green color blindness
  • Alleles are carried in X chromosome
44
Q

Reason for sex-linked characteristics

A
  • The Y chromosome is shorter are carrier genes that aren’t in X
  • Or X is longer and carrier many more genes that are not found in Y
45
Q

Alleles for colorblindness

A
  • R is dominant normal vision
  • r is recessive colorblindness

Biology IGCSE (21 decks)

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