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Biology IGCSE > Unit 1 - Characteristics and classification of living organisms > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Characteristics and classification of living organisms Flashcards

1
Q

The 7 characteristics of living organisms

A

Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition

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2
Q

Movement

A

An action by an organism, or part of an organism, that causes change in position or place

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3
Q

Sensitivity

A

The ability to detect and respond to stimuli in the internal or external environment

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4
Q

Growth

A

The permanent increase in size and dry mass

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5
Q

Reproduction

A

The process that makes more of the same kind of organism

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6
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of waste products of metabolism and substances that are in excess of requirements

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7
Q

Nutrition

A

The absorption or ingestion of materials for the purpose of providing energy, growth and development

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8
Q

System of classification

A

The binomial system

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9
Q

Order of classification in the binomial system

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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10
Q

DNA

A

The molecule of inheritance found in the nucleus of cells

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11
Q

The four bases of DNA

A

A,T,C,G

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12
Q

The complementary base pairs in DNA sequences

A

A&T , C&G

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13
Q

5 kingdoms

A

Prokaryotes, Protoctists, animals, plants, fungi

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14
Q

Vertebrates/chordata

A

A back-bone is present

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15
Q

Invertebrates/arthropods

A

No back-bone present

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16
Q

Examples of vertebrates

A

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

17
Q

Fish

A
  • Cold-blooded aquatic animals
  • Have gills, covered and protected by bony flap - operculum
  • Body covered with scales
  • Have fins to swim
  • Eggs laid in water, external fertilization
18
Q

Amphibians

A
  • Cold-blooded animals
  • Slimy, moist skin, no scales
  • Eggs laid in water, external fertilization
  • Adults mostly live on land, but lay eggs in water
  • Eggs hatch into fish-like larvae that live in water
  • Adults have lungs, larvae have gills
19
Q

Reptiles

A
  • Cold-blooded animals basking in sun to lower temperature
  • Body covered in scales or plates to prevent water loss
  • Breathing with lungs
  • Four limbs or legs, each limb has 5 toes with claws
  • Internal fertilization
  • Can lay eggs on land
20
Q

Birds

A
  • Warm-blooded vertebrates adapted for flight
  • Breathe with lungs
  • Covered in feathers
  • Streamlined shape for flying
  • Have wings
  • Feed with beaks
  • Internal fertilization
21
Q

Mammals

A
  • Warm-blooded animals, breathe with lungs
  • Seen on land and in water
  • Body covered in fur or hair
  • External pinna / ear
  • Almost all give live birth
  • Feed young with milk produced by mammary glands
22
Q

Examples of invertebrates

A

Insects, arachnids, crustaceans, myriapods

23
Q

Features of invertebrates

A

Have jointed legs, hard skeleton/exoskeleton, segmented bodies (head+thorax+abdomen)

24
Q

Insects

A
  • Largest group of arthropods
  • Two pairs of wings (some have one)
  • Large compound eyes
  • Bodies covered in hard cuticle
25
Q

Arachnids

A
  • Two body parts
  • No wings, no antennae
  • Short chelicerae
  • Pedipalps used for reproduction by males
  • No compound eyes, multiple pairs of simple eyes
26
Q

Crustaceans

A
  • Two pairs of antennae sensitive to touch and chemicals
  • Pair of compound eyes
  • Legs on head for feeding
  • Exoskeleton hardest of all arthropods
27
Q

Myriapods

A
  • Distinct head
  • One pair of legs
  • Body division not clear (thorax+abdomen)
  • One pair of antennae
  • Simple eyes
28
Q

Bryophytes

A

small plants that have no vascular tissue for transport

29
Q

Vascular plants

A

have vascular tissues

30
Q

Ferns

A

-Have roots, stem, fronds (complex leaves)
- Leaves produce spores - germinate to grow new ferns
- Stem is below ground and grows horizontally, adventitious roots

31
Q

Flowering plants

A
  • Seeds are formed in flowers, enclosed and protected by fruits
  • Embryonic leaf in the seed of a flowering plant is a cotyledon
32
Q

Monocotyledons/Monocots

A
  • Have on cotyledon
  • Parallel veins
  • Narrow and long leaves
  • Vascular bundle scattered in the stem
  • Fibrous roots
  • Flowers in multiples of three
33
Q

Dicotyledons/Dicots

A
  • Have two cotyledons
  • Network of veins
  • Broad and short leaves
  • Vascular bundle arranges in a ring in the stem
  • Tap root
  • Flowers in multiples of fours and fives
34
Q

Heterotrophs

A

ingest food from other organisms

35
Q

Autotrophs

A

makes their own food by photosynthesis

36
Q

Saprotrophs

A

Digest food outside their bodies and absorb the substances formed

37
Q

Unicellular organisms

A

Most protoctists (some are multicellular), yeast, prokaryotes

38
Q

Viruses

A
  • Not made of cells
  • No cell membrane or cytoplasm
  • Do not show 7 characteristics of life
  • Protein coat surrounding genetic material
  • Insert genetic material in a living cells, and uses materials of host to reproduce/make new virus

Biology IGCSE (15 decks)

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