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Biology IGCSE > Unit 14 - Coordination and response > Flashcards

Unit 14 - Coordination and response Flashcards

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1
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in environment that can be detected by an organism

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2
Q

Nervous system

A

Organ system that allows humans and other animals to detect stimuli and respond to them - coordinates and regulars the body’s functions

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3
Q

CNS

A
  • Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
  • Coordinates all reactions and nervous communication around the body
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4
Q

PNS

A
  • Peripheral nervous system - nerves in any other parts
  • transmits impulses from the CNS to all parts of the body
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5
Q

Three main types of neurons

A
  • Sensory neurons
  • Relay neurons
  • Motor neurons
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6
Q

Sensory neurons

A
  • Transfer nerve impulses away from the receptor cells when stimulus is detected
  • Can be long to transmit impulses to distant parts of the body near the spinal cord
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7
Q

Relay neurons

A
  • Connect one neuron to the next
  • Does not need to be long
  • Found in the brain or between sensory & motor neurons in the spinal cord
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8
Q

Motor neurons

A
  • Transfer nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord to effectors e.g. muscles or gland
  • Can be long because they need to transfer impulses from spinal cord to distant parts of the body
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9
Q

Synapse structure

A

The junction between two neurons

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10
Q

Synapse Function

A

Allows impulse to travel from an axon terminal of one neuron to a dendrite in another neuron

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11
Q

Vesicle Structure

A

Tiny, bubble-like structures in axon terminals that contain neurotransmitters

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12
Q

Dendrites

A

Have receptor molecules that can bind with neurotransmitters

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13
Q

Process of nerve impulse

A

1.Vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
2.Neurotransmitters travel across the gap by diffusion
3.Neurotransmitters bind with receptor molecules on the dendrite neuron
4.Nerve impulse is triggered in this neuron

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14
Q

Features of reflex actions

A
  • Automatic
  • Rapid
  • Innate
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15
Q

Reflex arc

A

The pathway through the body that blinds about a reflex action

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16
Q

Path of a reflex arc

A

Receptor –> sensory neuron –> relay neuron –> motor neuron –> effector

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17
Q

Receptors

A

Cells that can detect different stimuli

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18
Q

Types of receptors

A
  • Touch receptors - skin
  • Sound receptors - ear
  • Light receptors - eye
  • Chemical receptors - nose, tongue, mouth
  • Temperature receptors - skin, brain
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19
Q

Effector

A

Produces a response e.g. a muscle or gland

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20
Q

Sense organ

A

Group of receptor cells that respond to a specific stimulus

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21
Q

Eye; conjunctiva structure

A

Mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelid

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22
Q

Eye; conjunctiva function

A

Provides the eye with moisture so that it can open and close easily

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23
Q

Eye; cornea structure

A

Front part of the sclera, tough, convex and transparent

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24
Q

Eye; cornea function

A
  • Refracts the light as it enters the eye
  • It helps to protect the eye
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25
Q

Eye; pupil structure

A

The opening in the middle of the eye that appears to be black

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26
Q

Eye; pupil function

A

Allows light to enter the eye and focus on the retina

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27
Q

Eye; lens structure

A

Soft, flexible, transparent, bi-concave disc

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28
Q

Eye; lens function

A

Focuses light on the retina

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29
Q

Eye; iris structure

A

The colored part of the eye

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30
Q

Eye; iris function

A

Contains muscles that control the size of the pupil and how much light can enter

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31
Q

Eye; suspensory ligament structure

A

A group of fibers that connects the lens to the ciliary muscles

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32
Q

Eye; suspensory ligament function

A

Holds the lens in place

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33
Q

Eye; ciliary muscles structure

A

Circular ring of muscle surrounding the lens

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34
Q

Eye; ciliary muscles function

A

Causes the lens to change shape as it contracts and relaxes

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35
Q

Eye; sclera structure

A

Tough, white outer part of the eye that extends from the cornea to the back of the eye

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36
Q

Eye; sclera function

A

Protects the eye from serious damage and provides a good surface for the muscles that control eye movement to connect to

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37
Q

Eye; retina structure

A

A thin lining on the back of the eye

38
Q

Eye; retina function

A

Contains cells called rods and cones which are sensitive to light

39
Q

Eye; vitreous humor structure

A

Clear gel like substance located between the retina and the lens

40
Q

Eye; vitreous humor function

A

Keeps the eye firm and gives it shape

41
Q

Eye; blind spot structure

A

The area of the eye where the optic nerve and the retina meet

42
Q

Eye; blind spot function

A

Not sensitive to light as it contains no rod or cone cells

43
Q

Eye; optic nerve structure

A

Group of sensory neurons at the back of the eye

44
Q

Eye; optic nerve function

A

Sends visual information to the brain

45
Q

Pupil reflex in dim light

A
  • Pupil dilates
  • More light let in
  • Radial muscles contract
  • Circular muscles relax
46
Q

Pupil reflex in bright light

A
  • Pupil constricts
  • Less light let in
  • Radial muscles relax
  • Circular muscles contract
47
Q

Antagonistic pair of muscles in the iris

A

The radial muscles and circular muscles

48
Q

Accommodation

A

The focusing of light, through the changing of the shape of the lens, onto the retina

49
Q

Accommodation with distant objects

A
  • Ciliary muscles relax
  • Tension in suspensory ligaments increases
  • Lens becomes thinner
  • Light is refracted less strongly
50
Q

Accommodation with nearby objects

A
  • Ciliary muscles contract
  • Tension in the suspensory ligaments decreases
  • Lens becomes thicker
  • Light is refracted more strongly
51
Q

Two types of receptors in the retina

A

Rods and cones

52
Q

Fovea

A
  • Part of the retina
  • Where the sharpest image is produced
  • Light is focused on the fovea
53
Q

Cones

A
  • Located in the fovea
  • Provide color vision
  • Detect red, green or blue light
54
Q

Rods

A
  • More sensitive to light than cones
  • Allow vision in dim light
  • At the sides of the retina
  • Only detect in black and white and detect light intensity
55
Q

Endocrine system

A

The series of glands to make hormones

55
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical substance produced by a gland that is carried to the blood to alter the activity of one or more specific organs

56
Q

Target organ

A

The organ affected by a particular hormone

57
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis

58
Q

Hormone produced in adrenal gland

A

Adrenaline

59
Q

Hormone produced in pancreas

A

Insulin glucagon

60
Q

Hormone produced in ovary

A

Estrogen

61
Q

Hormone produced in testis

A

Testosterone

62
Q

Insulin function

A

Causes cells in the liver to remove glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen

63
Q

Glucagon

A

Stimulates breakdown of stored glycogen, releasing more glucose into the blood

64
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Female sex hormone
  • Controls development of reproductive system and sexual characteristics
65
Q

Testosterone

A
  • Male sex hormone
  • Controls development of reproductive system and sexual characteristics
66
Q

Effects of adrenaline

A
  • Pupils dilate - let more light in
  • Breathing rate increases - more oxygen added to the blood and more carbon dioxide removed, cells respire quicker
  • Pulse rate increases - muscles receive more blood containing glucose
    -Liver cells convert glycogen to glucose - more glucose available for respiration in muscle cells
67
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body

68
Q

Factors of homeostasis

A
  • Body temperature
  • Concentration of glucose in the blood
  • Water levels
69
Q

Negative feedback

A

The mechanism that controls homeostasis by reversing changes in the environment

70
Q

Needed mechanisms for homeostasis

A
  • Receptor cells - to detect stimulus
  • Coordination center e.g. brain
  • Effectors - Glands or muscles to respond
71
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Maintaining a constant internal temperature in the body

72
Q

Structure of the skin

A

Hair, Sweat gland, Hair erector muscle, Receptor, Blood vessels, Sensory nerve, Fatty tissue

73
Q

Body mechanism to cool

A

Sweating

74
Q

Body mechanism to heat up

A

Shivering

75
Q

Shivering

A
  • Muscles contracting and relaxing in an uncontrollable and uncoordinated way
  • Uses energy from respiration which also heats
76
Q

Sweating

A
  • Watery mixture secreted onto the surface of the skin
  • Evaporation of sweat has a cooling effect
77
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain that controls the thermoregulatory system and changes and control body temperature

78
Q

Vasoconstriction

A
  • Arterioles narrow
  • Reduces blood flow
  • Decreases rate of energy transfer
  • Keeps warm
78
Q

Vasodilation

A
  • Arterioles widen
  • Lets more blood flow near the surface of the skin
  • Increases energy transfer to surroundings
  • Cools down
79
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Monitors levels of glucose concentration in blood
  • Secretes insulin when there is high amounts of glucose
80
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Develops when somebody can’t control their concentration of glucose in the blood - Pancreas doesn’t produce insulin

81
Q

Symptoms of Type 1 diabetes

A
  • Frequent urination - trying to excrete excess glucose
  • Increased thirst - resulting from frequent urination and need to dilute blood
82
Q

Tropism

A

Response by a plant to a stimulus

83
Q

Gravitropism

A

Response where parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity

84
Q

Phototropism

A

Response where parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction where light is coming

85
Q

Positive tropism

A

Plant moves towards the stimulus

86
Q

Negative tropism

A

Plant moves away from the stimulus

87
Q

Plant hormone that causes tropisms

A

Auxin

88
Q

Auxin distribution

A
  • Equal along the shoot if source of light is directly overhead
  • Unequally in response to gravity or light - some cells elongate more

Biology IGCSE (21 decks)

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