unit 7 apush 1890- 1945 Flashcards
1934 FDR’s administration, Good Neighbor Policy
- search for pacific islands, spread of imperialism (hawaii, phillipines, and puerto rico, interference in cuba)
- theodore roosevelt’s sherman antitrust act
- want prescence in asian markets
- socialist party led by eugene debs
- chinese natonalists, boxers
- insular cases- do us citizens get rights by constitution?
- platt amendment, cuban revolution
- new navy
- open door policy sought out by mckinley
- Russo-japanese conflict over Manchuria from China > This would be in conflict with the U.S. Open Door Note
1909 Secretary of State Philander C. Knox proposes US bankers buy Manchurian railroads and hand them to China
Japan and Russia reject, Taft ridiculed
Bankers urged to invest in Honduras and Haiti to keep out foreign funds
Sporadic disorders in Cuba, honduras, and the Dominican Republic lead to the use of the Monroe Doctrine to intervene to protect American investment
context
- Square Deal: Roosevelt’s domestic policy that called for control of corporations, consumer production, conservation of natural resources
- Platt Agreement: 1903, committed Cuba under American control when it originally agreed on Cuba’s independence
Prohibited from making a treaty with another country w/out U.S. approval, U.S. had rights to intervene in Cuba’s affairs
1906-1922 U.S. occupies Cuba, causes many anti-American sentiments
Panama Canal: a route that would greatly shorten the sea trip from the East Coast to California
Colombia asks for more than the govt was willing to spend, U.S. supports a Panama revolution
US naval forces prevent Colombian troops from crossing to put down the revolt
Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty: gave the price of the Canal strip for $40 mil but widened it by six to ten miles
Tensions rise between Colombia and US, public call it the rape of Panama
Relations with Latin America turn downwards
Canal construction begins in 1904 > troubles of labor trouble, landslides, and tropical diseases > project completed in 1914
Roosevelt Corollary: an addition to the Monroe doctrine
Announced that in the event of future financial problems in LA nations, the US would intervene, take over customshouses, pay off debts, and keep Euro out
1905 used in Dominican republic to manage tariff collections
Eventually used to justify wholesale interventions and repeated landings of the marines
Despised by LA, seen as another way to maintain control over them
Roosevelt interferes in other foreign affairs such as the Russo-japanese war between Russia and Japan
1904 war over Manchuria and Japan achieves a devastating win
Japan asks US to sponsor peace negotiations
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905 Roosevelt leads both sides into a peace that left both sides unsatisfied and JP resentful
He aimed to maintain Russia so that it could balance out the power of JP
Soured both relationships with Russia and JP
Russia believes that US cost them the win of the war, ruins a friendly relationship that has lasted for a while
JP and US become rivals in Asia
Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” policy: defined his attitude towards foreign policy
The idea that they approach foreign affairs mediated negotiation but with the unspoken threat of a powerful military
New wave of Japanese immigrants after the Russo-Japanese war to California
White Californian racism, feared “being drowned in an Asian sea”
1906 San Francisco’s school board ordered the segregation of east Asian students in school to free more space for whites after a natural disaster occurred
Threatened war as JP was offended at this
Roosevelt invites the school board to the White House
Forced to repeal the order and accept the “Gentlemen’s Agreement”
Secret agreement 1907-1908 where JP agreed to stop the flow of laborers to US by withholding passports
Root-Takahira agreement: 1908 pledged that both powers would respect each others territorial possessions in the Pacific and uphold the Open Door in China
Agreed after an American spectacle to impress the JP
Maintained a momentary peace with JP
debates of imperialism
1894 Wilson-Gorman tariff (resembled mckinley tariff)
considered one of the causes of the Spanish-American war as it had a huge impact on foreign relations
Americans began searching overseas for new markets for their products which would also fuel nationalism, especially with america’s centennial in 1876
Cuba- revolted against spanish control, (spanish-american war)
civil war started from us tampering with their economy
yellow journalism became especially big with the explosion of The Maine which was blamed on spain and they declared war even though they never did anything 😭
the us drove spanish out of cuba
sent a fleet to philippines who were also controlled by the spanish and got them out too
In the Treaty of Paris, spain granted cuba independence and ceded philippines, puerto rico and guam to the us
Teller Amendment- US claimed it would not annex cuba after spain left island 1898 but kept their troops there for a few yearsion
1901 cuba forced to include a series of provisions in its constitution and troops wouldn’t leave unless cuba agreed to them
Platt Amendment where the us was given control over cuba’s foreign affairs, pretending to care for cuba’s political and social stability so they agreed to
Cuba couldn’t sign foreign treaties without the us having consent
The US could intervene in cuban domestic and foreign affairs
the us was granted land to build a naval base and coaling station
The platt amendment in 1934 in exchange for FDR’s good neighbor policy
also got guantanimo bay, important for later
Control of the Philippines- should it be annexed or have its independence \
People argued that if the philippines had independence it would just be conquered by another european nation and the us would lose a valuable possession
Moral obligation to civilize and christianize filipinos (white man’s burden written)
Opponents felt US should promote independence and democracy and the us would be like gb
In the end the senate voted to annex philippines
filipinos responded by waging guerilla war against the us
the us responded with a lot of brutality and gained control of the country
philippines was given independence 1946
Us’s overseas empire morality
the Insular cases 1901-1903: ruled that the constitution did not follow the flag and congress could administer to each overseas possession as it liked including depending on the different situations in each country
spanish american war
- began achieving greater sucess because of their urban middle-class type of movement, and it dominated the rest of the 20th century, carried multiple movements within it, like the National Woman Suffrage Association
- muckrakers- journalists/novelists of the progressive era who want to expose govt and industrial corruption
- Upton Sinclar’s “The Jungle” exposing the quality of food, specifically meat
- Ida Tarbell exposed Rockefeller in “History of Standard Oil”
- W.E.B Du Bois- National Association for the advancement of colored people
- Margaret Sanger- advocated for birth control but it was so taboo that she came under fire for it
conomy problems from the Gilded Age carry over and cause a new movement of reform
Problems from the rise of big business, boom and bust cycle, gap between rich and poor
Rise of urban middle class promotes change as they had money, but were not rich since the rich did not want any change
Rise of the social gospel: idea that to be a good christian, you help the less fortunate, based on the protestant work ethic
New philosophies such as pragmatism, scientific management (scientists maximizing efficiency)
Muckrakers decline 1910
Hard to top sensationalism, they are selling newspapers, they continuously need more interesting stories
Economics, a magazine needs ads from corporations, but muckrakers are criticizing corporations
Corporations developing public relations, trying to make the public see that they care by either donations, charity, etc
Muckrakers successful as they brought awareness to these issues
Educated public about corruption
Demonstrates how these corporations can skirt laws to get lower prices and sell them to the consumer for higher, anti-capitalistic
Pathway for corrective action
Middle class women playing large roles
Hull House: set up byJane Addams, a settlement house for immigrants who did not know the culture or the language
It would house immigrants, get them jobs, and get their children in schools
Jane Addams: relentless about writing to town council to argue about the differences between the cleanliness of poor streets versus the richer streets
Make her head of garbage management
Settlement House Movement: large presence of women being exposed to urban problems > poverty, political corruption, terrible working conditions
Literary clubs: women’s clubs that went from discussing literature to current social issues
Women claimed that this was an extension of their traditional gender roles to keep children out of sweatshops, disease in tenements, and safe food
Florence Kelly: former resident of Hull House, became Illinois’ first chief factory inspector and a leading advocate for improved factory conditions
Took control of the National Consumers League in 1899 > mobilized female consumers to pressure laws to protect women and children in the workplace
Muller v Oregon (1908): set protections in the workplace for women > negative effects on the movement > employers hire men rather than women
Lochner v New York (1905): invalidated a law that claimed a ten hour day for bakers > said that people could work as long as they wished
Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire: 1911, lethal fire with locked doors and other violations of the fire code
146 women burned or jumped to their deaths
Massive public outcry > laws passed to regulate hours and conditions
1917 workers compensation for injured workers
Temperance and Prohibition: led by women since it was a domestic issue that fathers were spending family income on alcohol, and since they could become violent
Conflict, wets vs drys
Wets: consisted of immigrants who had drinking a part of their culture, big business owners who benefitted from the sale of alcohol, wage workers who spent their time at saloons or bars, urban
Drys: consisted of women, militant organizations like the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, rural
18th Amendment: 1919 temporarily prohibited the sale of alcohol
Women’s suffrage -> Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Candy Stanton
Replaced by Alice Paul and Carrie Chapman
Split over policies
19th Amendment: 1920 receive the right to vote after WWI
Robert La Follette- implemented plans for direct primary elections, adopted the ballot initiative, where voters could propose new laws, referendum (allowed public to vote on new laws) and recall election, gave voters the power to remove officials office before their term expired `(return power to the people)
*Prohibition and Education Movement rise post WWi
the progessives
Woodrow Wilson was the president through the entire war
MANIA cause of WWI (do not need to know the events causing the war)
Policy of Neutrality: issued when war broke out August 1914
Blockade put in place by England surrounding German shipments
U.S. ships impounded and confiscated, but paid for so U.S. would not have to take action
Unrestricted submarine warfare from German U-boats to counter the blockade -> they would sink any ship carrying military supplies, even merchant ships
Sinking of Lusitania: 1915, sunk by German U-boats, carrying tons of ammunition to British
After the sinking, Germans cease unrestricted sub warfare, resume in 1916, sink the Arabic
Wilson asks Congress to put the military into a state of preparedness
Zimmerman Telegram: 1917, German telegram sent to Mexico asking Mexico to attack the U.S. in exchange for the land that they lost in the Mexican War
Drastic shift in U.S. support for the war
Wilson claims it a “war for democracy” as they fight against monarchies
America declares war on Germany April 1917
War Industry Board (WIB): coordinated all facets of industrial and agricultural production, looked to guarantee that the Allies were well supplies, slow and efficient
U.S. intervention in war tips the stalemate to the Allies’ favor -> victory Nov 1918
Treaty of Versailles
Fourteen Points: Wilson’s plan proposed to Congress Jan 1918
Called for free trade through lower tariffs and freedom of seas
Reduction of arms supplies on all sides
Promotion of self-determination in Europe and overseas
League of Nations: international organization that promoted global cooperation
Treaty of Versailles: final treaty that sided with European desire to punish Germany
Germany forced to cede colonial possessions to Allies, disarm, pay huge reparations, and take total blame for the war
Germany humiliated -> sets the stage for WWII
League of Nations: created, but Congress does not sign off on the treaty
Wilson and the Democrats do not want to change the treaty
Irreconciliables: group of Republicans who opposed the League and believed nothing could be changed to make the treaty better
Reservationists: group of Republicans led by Henry Cabot Lodge, who believed the treaty could be altered
U.S. failure to join the League makes it weak, U.S. enters into a period of more isolationism
WWI- military and diplomacy
Problems as U.S. have closer relations with England than Germany and Austria-Hungary
Opposition to war: Midwest and west, populists, progressives, socialists, William Jennings Bryan, Jane Addams, Jeanette Kankin
Westerners feel no connection to BR
Populists and progressives feel that they should focus on domestic issues rather than foreign wars
Kankin: first woman elected to Congress
Espionage Act: 1917 prohibited anyone from using U.S. mail system to interfere with the war effort or with the draft
Sedition Act: 1918 made it illegal to try to prevent the sale of war bonds or to speak disparagingly of the govt
Selective Service Act of 1917: enlisted the draft to be used in the war
Schenck v. United States: 1919, Schenck was a prominent socialist convicted for violating the Espionage Act when he printed material that urged men to resist the draft
Ruled that one’s freedom of speech and civil liberties could be limited if one’s actions posed a “clear and present danger” to others or the nation
Committee on Public Information: (CPI) created propaganda, made images of Germans being cold-blooded, baby-killing, power-hungry Huns
Americans reject anything German -> leads to many acts of violence against German immigrants and Americans of German descent
Women fill in positions that men leave empty as they leave to fight, 20% of factory manufacturing jobs held by women
Great Migration: the migration of southern blacks to big northern cities like NY, Chicago, St. Louis, Detroit to fill the vacancy of manufacturing jobs
Many black people also enlisted in the army -> encouraged W.E.B Du Bois
Hoped that military service would provide a road towards social equality
Army segregated and mostly assigned them to menial labor
WWI home front
1920-1921 recession post war, proceeds into 7 yrs of prosperity
Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon’s tax policies helped with capital investment
Ingenious machines fueled by new oil fields
Assembly line productivity perfected
New industries > electrical power business, automobile business
By 1930, Americans owned 30 mil cars
Automobile industry causes a shift after mastering production, now looks to finding proper markets for their mass produced products
Use of advertising > persuade the public using seduction, sexual suggestion
Make the public discontent and want more and more consumer goods
Sports became a big business in consumer economy
The emergence of credit allowed people to buy new products like fridges, vacuum cleaners, cars, radios > increase of debt among Americans
1890s Henry Ford and Ransom E. Olds developing the industry
Early cars were not speedy or reliable
Scientific Management: created by Frederick W. Taylor, inventor who came up with efficiency techniques -> timed workers and ensured that wasted seconds were cut off
Fordism: the technique of the moving assembly line, created by Henry Ford
Spreads outside of the US to Euro like in GA
1914 500k of Ford’s Model T car had been made, 1930 20 mil made
US outnumbers any other country with the quantity of cars
Created thousands of new jobs both in the industry and in supporting industries
Rubber, glass, fabrics, highway construction, service stations, garages
Raises America’s standard of living
Created rivalries with the railroad industry regarding transportation
New businesses like the oil industry in California, Texas, Oklahoma
Beneficial to farmers and consumers as foodstuffs like fresh fruits could be advertised faster, delivered faster and at cheaper prices
New roads and highways built, paid for by taxes on gasoline
Cars becoming a necessity as Americans get more quality freetime by going on vacation
Loosened control of women by men
People leaving less favorable states at high rates
Autobuses for schools and churches made as well
Conflict over younger people driving cars > called “prostitution on wheels”
Crime waves of 1920s and 1930s aided by cars as they were quick escapes
Claimed to have improved air and environmental quality, despite being a polluter
New Technology- Radios, planes, Hollywood
Origin of plans -> 1903 Wright brothers experiment with planes with near-success > engineered a plane that stayed airborne for 12 sec and 120 ft
Planes used during WWI and after was used by private companies as airmail
First airmail route established from NY to San Francisco in 1920
1927 first solo west-east flight over the Atlantic by Charles A. Lindbergh
Dramatized and popularized flying, gave a boost to the aviation industry
New giant industry but with a high accident rate during its early stages
By 1930s and 40s air travel was significantly safer than overcrowded highways
Another rival to railroads as they lose passengers and mail
New weapon in war, comes along with bombs
Radios first introduced by Guglielmo Marconi -> italian, invented wireless telegraphy in the 1890s
Used for long-range communication during WWI
Voice-carrying radio > 1920 Pittsburgh radio station broadcasts news of a landslide
Radio phonograms, radiotelephones, and television
Late 1920s long distance broadcasting made possible, replaces local broadcasts
Brought Americans back into the household > ppl gathered to listen to the radio
Sports further stimulated, music played for homes, education and culture benefitted
1903 Hollywood, start of the movie > first story sequence of The Great Train Robbery
Birth of a Nation: 1915, by D.W. Griffith, glorified the KKK and defamed blacks and carpetbaggers
Outraged African Americans who held protest marches
Hollywood in southern California becomes the movie center of the world
Nudity featured until public forces codes of censorship
Motion picture arrives with WWII when it is used for anti-German propaganda
Boosts morale and sells war bonds
1927 first “talkie” which starred a white person acting in blackface
Further loss of culture as youth sided for watching movies rather than hearing about cultural stories > leads to an era that introduces a mainstream American culture
Overcomes the divisive ethnic differences of the past
1920s excessive use of sexual allure to advertise items
Women dressed in provocative ways for the time period in various ads
Dr. Sigmund Freud: argued that sexual repression was responsible for nervous and emotional ills
Created a new era of younger people expanding the boundaries of what was considered “proper”
1920s- innovations and communication via technology
Taft’s dollar diplomacy- attempt to secure relationships with LA and east asian countries with monetary loans (if you trade with us, we’ll give you money!)
wilson- new nationalism, new freedom, imperialism, federal trade and comission, clayton antitrust act of 1914, federal reserve system
1918- outbreak of influenza
(end of wwi ended the progressive coalition as people were so divided between supporting it or not)
- Red Scare following the Russian Revolution, Unions villainized as they are branded with being communist and enemies of the state
Increased amt of strikes from high prices causes more tension
Socialist Eugene V. Debs imprisoned for criticizing the war
**Federal Bureau of Investigation: govt agency created to prevent radicals from taking over
J. Edgar Hoover: headed the agency
Businesses gained more power as unions lost power
April 1919 a series of bombs exploded in American cities, one hitting the home of A. Mitchell Palmer
Palmer Raids: early 1920, begun by Palmer from the ongoing fears of radicalism and communism
Over 10,000 arrested in over 30 cities, 500 immigrants deported
Little weapons or bombs found out of all these arrests
Criminal syndicalism laws: made it unlawful to advocate violence to secure social change
Ppl argued that words were not a crime, supported free speech
Violence and prosecution to IWW members and other radicals
NY legislature seats denied to 5 ppl bc they were socialists
**American Plan: anti union campaign that employers started to take advantage of the low popularity and association to communism regarding unions
Judicial lynching: prejudiced judges convicting people more harshly for being Italian, foreigners, atheists, anarchists, draft dodgers
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo convicted for the murder of Massachusetts paymaster and his guard > sent to death bc of prejudices
REVIVAL OF THE KKK- Revived from the postwar reaction
Antiforeign, anti-Catholic, antiblack, anti-Jewish, antipacifist, anti-communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, anti gambling, anti adultery, anti-birth control
Pro-Ango-Saxon, Pro-”native” american, pro-Protestant
Popular with White Protestants in the Midwest and the South
Had 5 million dues-paying members during its height mid 1920s
Collapses suddenly in the late 1920s
Demonstrates the manifestation of intolerance in the midst of the social change of 1920s
Attempt to make lynching a federal crime, failed as govt did not want to alienate southern white voters
Race riots occur as more African Americans move to the north
Black people attacked and killed in Chicago 1919
Immigration -1920-1921 flood of immigrants, mostly from southern and eastern Euro
Disliked by citizens who claimed that Euro was dumping their worst ppl to the US
Emergency Quota Act of 1921: immigrants from Euro restricted in any given year to a definite quota > temporary solution
Quotas based off population of that nation, 3% of the pop could immigrate
Immigration Act of 1924: quotas cut from 3% to 2%
Southern euro calls it discriminatory as countries like Italy could send significantly less immigrants than BR or Ireland
Belief that it is a triumph for nativists who believed that blue eyed and fair-haired northern Euros were of better blood
Act was meant to freeze the existing demographics of the US as it was mostly consisted of northern Euro
Completely cut out Japanese immigration
Anti-America rallies in Japan
Latin Americans and Canadians exempt > close proximity attracted ppl for jobs and allowed them to send them back during worser times
Immigration dwindles and 1931 more foreigners leave than arrive
Ends a period of unrestricted immigration > separates ethnic communities
Newer immigrants form isolated enclaves with their own worship, newspapers, theaters
Many immigrants working at the same places with common interests
Shared no common language to make a common cause
Employer divided them using ethnic rivalries
Many reformers disagreed with immigration restriction
Horace Kallen > believed that the US should protect immigrant groups to preserve their cultural uniqueness
Wanted a harmonization of various different cultures
Randolph Bourne > wanted greater cross-fertilization among immigrants
Believed that interchange would make America a “transnationality” of different sizes and colors rather than just a nationality
Influenced others like John Dewey, Jane Addams, and Louis Brandels
Outnumbered by anti-immigration supporters, sets the stage for “multiculturalism” in the later part of the 20th c
roosevelt’s big stick policy for LA interference
cultural and political controversies
Jazz Age- harlem renaissance, govt became especially pro buisness (ex. federal trade commission)
- novelests like f. scott fitzgerald more liberal outake/exposing corrpution
- the emergency quota act of 1924- set immigration based on national origin
- flapper women! also this thing called the teapot dome scandal where oil companies bribed a govt official and it made harding look terrible
- welfare capitalism- buisnesses offering welfare programs to prevent strikes and labor unions
Presidents: Harding, Cooldige, and Hoover
all persuing pro buisness policy and filled govt with advisors that shared their thoughts (totally not corrupt or anything) - When Hoover is elected, the stock market crashed 1929, prices dropped and no one wanted to buy anything because they were poor and lack of trust in the economy, hoover underestimated the damage and enagged in tricked down economics, just blamed speculators who could buy on margin (aka only have to pay a little bit of their stock and pay it back after they got their profits but they couldn’t do that when the depression hit so buisnesses and banks went bankrupt
- there was also an economic depression in europe because of germany’s attempts to pay back their debt the treaty of versailles launched them into, farmers that had been overproducing lost value in their crops and factories began firing more people
- hoovervilles- shantytowns for the poor who lost their houses because they couldn’t pay their mortgage
- dought in the midwest, great plains, DUST BOWL, terrible for the crops , farmer’s holiday association is formed threatening to walk out
**HAWLEY-SMOOT TARIFF- highest protective tariff in us history, hoping that raising tariffs would help buisness (trickle down economics) , then hoover had to create the federal emergency relief administration to make up for the worsening of the economy
world war veterans created BEF (BONUS EXPEDITIONARY FORCE) and came to lobby for federal payment benefits for war veterans and then refused to leave so douglass macarthur was like lets beat them up and the public was like wtf is wrong with you
the great depression + pre-depression age
FDR wins against hoover when he runs for reelection because he ruined his popularity (hoover in his reputation era)- two different parts to his new deal
- *First New deal- emergency banking relief bill, fireside chats over the radio!!, began to restore faith in banks so people put their funds back in, banking act of 1933, federal deposit insurance corporation confirmed bank deposits since people were worried because they lost literally all their money if they went bankrupt
- Agricultural Adjustment Act- if farmers cut their production they would be paid by the govt (mainly came in form of taxing other groups) but some considerefd this immoral because tpeople were literally starving andd farmers grew crops for that too
- farm credit act- helped out farmers by providing loans in case of foreclosure
- National Industrial Recovery Act- consolidated buisnesses, coordinated their activities, want to eliminate overproduction and stabilize prices
- Public Works Administration- set aside billions for public works jobs ex. for infrastructure (roads, canals, but also for artists, novelists, etc. )
- Civilian Conservation Corps- grants for states to also have a public works admin
- TVA- federally owned electricity/conservation works for tenesee valley area, oupset buisness owners
the new deal part 1
conservatives opposed new deal→ opposed the higher tax rates and the increase of federal power in business and complained poor are too dependent on relief programs
disliked deficit spending the govt was engaging in→ borrowing money to finance the programs
Leftists complained the AAAt getting farmers not to overproduce was immoral because so many couldn’t even feed themselves
believed government was too forgiving and wanted harsher measures, blamed corporations for the great depression
led to the socialists and communist party rise in america called for nationalization of business
1935 Schechter Poultry Corp vs. United States, invalidated sections of the National Industrial Recovery Act, and the codes under the agency was unconstitutional because only Congress could make laws
(NIRA set wages and price standards, maximum work hours, and labor union regulations) was unconstitutional
United States vs. Butler-no more AAA and Roosevelt responded in 1937 with “packing the court” with justices supporting his ideas
the court packing scheme was rejected by congress, but he continued with a second new deal
Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, which created WPA aka.( Works Project/progress Administration)- generated over 8 million jobs paid for by the government,
employed writers, photographers and artists for creating travel guides and recording history alongside public works jobs
Summer of 1935 Second Hundred Days- congress passed legislation broadening powers of the NLRB, democratizing unions and punished businesses that had anti-union policies
Created Social Security Administration which provided retirement benefits for many workers, including the disabled and families whose breadwinners had died
Increased taxes on wealthy individuals and top end business profits, led to the creation of New Deal Coalition, made up of union members, urbanites, underclass, and blacks, the democratic coalition put roosevelt back into office with victory(1936)
the new deal part 2
934, a policy that attempted to move away from the previous interventionist policy in Latin America
U.S. continue to promote their interests in Latin America despite this
Achieved its objectives through economic coercion and support of pro-American leaders
1932 Hoover negotiated a treaty with the Republic of Haiti -> called for the withdrawal of American platoons by 1934
1933 last US marine “leathernecks” sailed away from Nicaragua after a continuous stay of around 20 yrs
1921-1922 Washington Conference between 8 of the world’s great powers to set limits on stockpiling armaments and reaffirmed the Open Door Policy for china
1928 62 nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact- condemning war as means of foreign policy
LA policy- us had tried to back away from intervention and replace with 1934 good neighbor policy but it was misleading as the us continued to actively promote its interests in LA to the expense of latin americans
Platt Amendment repealed (treaty between us and cuba that “protected” cuban independence
Achieved foreign policy though implemented pro-american leaders, kept a strong but less threatening military presence in the area by paying for maintaining military bases in the countries and training the nations’ national guard units
1931 Japan violated the Kellogg Briand Pact by invading china, us had little influence in asia
US sold arms to china and put an embargo on arms to japan but not commercial shipments to avoid war with japan
US kept tariffs high within the republican administration (protectionism)
Government wanted to use economic leverage as a foreign policy tool
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act- the president could reduce tariffs
the most favored nation trade status were eligible to the lowest tariff rate if they were cooperative (still used today)
Isolationist sentiment after ww1
amplified through Nye Commission which revealed “unwholesome” activities by the American arms manufacturers
many had intensely lobbied for entry into ww1, others bribed foreign officials and some currently supplied fascist governments with weapons → Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts
the first neutrality act banned the sale of arms to china (roosevelt bypassed this in selling arms to china by refusing to acknowledge japan and china were at war denial core)
the second neutrality act banned loans to darned belligerent countries
Roosevelt also spent a ton of money on the military in case of war and lobbied for a repeal of the arms embargo in the first neutrality act so the us could help arm the allies (england, france, su)
a third neutrality act allowing the “Cash and carry” policy allowing arms sales, requiring the allies to pay cash for their weapons but they had to come to the us to pick them up and leave on their own ships
Supplied allies with lend lease act (us could lend armaments to england who didn’t have money)
sent US ships into the war zone to protect lend-lease shipments because it easily could’ve provoked the germans
Roosevelt and Churchill met at Atlantic Charter Conference and passed Atlantic Charter (Japan entered Tripartite Pact with italy and germany 1940)
interwar foreign policy
Rise of facism in Europe in Germany, Spain, and Italy, militarism in Japan
Treaty of Versailles -> key cause to the rise of facism in Germany
Tripartite Pact: 1940 between Japan, Germany, and Italy
Large anti-war sentiment from American public as chances of war intensify in Europe
Desire to focus on domestic issues like the Great Depression
Neutrality acts: 1935, 1936, 1937, isolationist sentiment strong after WWI
Lend-Lease Act: permitted the U.S. to “lend” armaments to Egland
More policies like these make it hard for U.S. to remain isolationist by 1940s
Quarantine Speech: FDR speaks how he wants the democratic powers to work together to quarantine facism
Negative reaction from American public makes FDR back off from intervening in war
Builds up the military to prepare for worst case scenario
Atlantic Charter: 1941 conference between Winston Churchill and Roosevelt, declared the Allies’ war aims of disarmament, self-determination, freedom of seas, and guarantees of the nation’s security
Japanese invade south into French Indochina -> aggression causes U.S. to cut off trade w/ Japan
Trade necessary for Japan as they are an island nation
Pearl Harbor: Japanese bomb the Pearl Harbor -> leads the U.S. joining the war
(Start of war)
First meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin took place Nov 1943
Planned D-Day and agreed to divide Germany into occupation zones after the war
Soviet belief that the western powers had purposely waited to open another front
USSR paid a huge price in human and material loss -> wanted Eastern European buffer states to recoup its losses
Total war -> War Production Board allowed the govt to oversee the mobilization of industry toward the war effort
Use of rationing
Development of radar, sonar, and atomic bomb (Manhattan Project)
Labor Disputes Act: 1943, allowed govt takeover of businesses deemed necessary to national security
Passed in reaction to a rise in number of strikes in essential industries
Hollywood creates propaganda films to encourage support on the home front and to boost morale
Selective Training and Service Act of 1940: first peacetime draft in U.S. history
Segregated army despite more than a million African American troops
Rosie the Riveter: symbolized millions of women who worked in war-related industrial jobs during WWII
The Holocaust: 12 million ppl killed -> 6 million were Jews
Other 6 million > everyone who GA considered inferior
Gypsies, homosexuals , mental/physically handicapped, communists, Catholics
Eisenhower realized that GA could try to deny the existence of the holocaust
Ordered that everything be documented by pictures and film
Japanese Internment Camps
Lasted 1942 to the end of the war
More than 110k Asian Americans imprisoned from the fear that they would serve as enemy agents within the U.S.
Large amount forced to move and live in internment camps, some of them weren’t even japanese
None were ever charged with crime, imprisoned only on ethnic background→ government placed them in prison camps far from the west coast for fear of a japanese invasion and many lost their homes and possessions from the internment
Being denied their rights as Americans -> arrested and held without due crime, followed 1919 schenck case
Compulsory exclusion of large groups of citizens from their homes except under circumstance of emergency
Korematsu v. U.S.: 1944, Supreme Court rules that certain rights can be suspended for national security during times of war, govt apology made 1988 and 1.6 million was given back to surviving internees and their heirs
Wartime Conferences
Yalta Conference: Feb 1945, Allied powers meet at Yalta and redraw the world map
USSR wanted a buffer zone between them and Western Europe
Stalin wanted to surround himself with nations “friendly” to Moscow
This was given to him in exchange that he hold “free and unfettered elections” after the war
Later establishment of the Soviet satellites and the Iron Curtain
Divided Germany and Berlin into occupation zones
Set up the United Nations -> international peacekeeping organization
Potsdam Conference: Allies meet to discuss how to implement the agreements made at Yalta
Did not go well -> U.S. and USSR differences becoming too big
Pacific Theater
Island hopping strategy while fighting Japan
Idea was to claim islands so they could move close enough to Japan to bomb it
Bataan Death March: POWs greatly mistreated by Japanese from their belief in death over surrender
POWs forced to march in the sun w/out food, water, or rest
Japanese running out of resources -> resort to suicide missions, kamikaze
Truman sworn in after FDR dies -> approves the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Belief that these bombs would save more American lives
Aug 1945, atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
V-J Day: Japan surrenders, U.S. occupies Japan after the war
Reforms put in place to put in a democratic govt, new constitution, and destroy militarism
WWII- mobilization
Yalta Conference 1945- allied leaders met to redraw the world map, stalin wanted to create a “buffer zone” between us and western nations and surround himself with nations that were friendly towards his govt, was given free reign in eastern europe with the promise to have democratic elections, which he overrode as he established su satellite nations and the Iron Curtain
Agreed that once the war ended, the ussr would declare war on japan, and allies agreed to help create the UN to mediate future international disputes
Allies met again at Potsdam to decide how to implement agreements made at yalta (truman has replaced fdr), the conference was not as effective as tensions between us and ussr were growing
Debate over the morality of truman’s bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki
postwar diplomacy
presidents
theodore roosevelt
william h taft
woodrow wilson
warren g harding
calvin cooldige
herbert hoover
FDR
