unit 6 apush Flashcards
Second Corrupt Bargain, Rutherford B. Hayes
Election of 1876: committee created to decide the president as strange numbers are received from various states
Republican majority with 8 to 7 republicans to democrats
Republicans aim to get their candidate Rutherford B. Hayes
Democrats make a bargain that the Republicans can have Hayes in exchange for the end of Reconstruction
context
the growing industry of ranching and mining on the western frontiers, ignoring natives’ land
- transcontinental railroad, connected coast to coast, everyone, including farmers, frees slaves, and civil war veterans worked on that thing and it was mostly privately funded
- faster travel from railroads meant more technological contact with the east
- people began moving westward to North and south dakota, montana, and washington which became so populated they became states, and fredrick jackson turner was like NOO THE FRONTIER IS DEAD and it was important for the us spirit and fostering democracy (Frontier thesis)
- Homestead Act and Morill Land Grant act of 1862- people/states offer land if they cultivated it (irrigated, grew grops, etc)
westward expansion and economic development
- expansion to north dakota, south dakota, montana, and washington became southern states
- Textile mills within the south→ reduced reliance on northern manufactured goods
but most stayed farmers
Post-civil war, many farmers had to sell their land, and both poor whites and blacks sharecropped and rented land via the Crop Lien system (kept poor in debt),
farmers borrowed cash for seeds and tools and promised their crops as collateral
huge interest rates and strict landowners made it so they never left their contracts
farmers further borrowed and promised their next crops as collateral (virtual slavery)
Foundation of the Jim Crow Laws worsened conditions for blacks, including segregation
going against the 14th amendment
1883 Supreme Court reversed the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which claimed that public facilities/businesses couldn’t be segregated
1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson- “separate but equal” facilities, it was not the role of the federal government to keep social equality
Booker T. Washington- born into slavery and acknowledged that white southern society was not ready to accept blacks as equal, so he promoted economic independence.
founded the Tuskegee Institution
industrial training and representative school for black people
In 1895 he outlined he outlined his ideas of race relations and his rival was W.E.B Du Bois
new south
Transcontinental Railroad, connected one side of the country to the other, built by former farmers, immigrants, freed slaves, and civil war veterans 1863-1869, (made by union pacific/ central pacific railroad companies)
The railroad could overcharged wherever they had a monopoly
Hurt the public as most of its funding was direct and land grants
Rail proprietors objected to government control of their industry so it took years for railroad rates to come under regulation
technological innovation
Gilded Age: a period from 1877 to 1896 that consisted of a political stalemate, weak presidents, and corruption
Democrats: white southerners, catholic, immigrants, controlled more cities, urban working poor (pro-labor), mostly farmers
Republicans: northern business oriented, interested in banking and finance, African Americans (bc of Lincoln), white-anglo saxons, most of the middle class
Social Darwinism, laissez-faire policy, isolationism
Political machines: politicians that controlled entire cities, provided housing, municipal needs, jobs in exchange for votes and their support
Called the spoils system where people would be rewarded with jobs in government if they supported them
Mugwumps: people who did not participate in the patronage game
Example was Tammany Hall
They would create grafts to make more money like that of the Tweed Courthouse
Idea was to overinflate the price of materials needed to build the structure, people would make them profit when they increase taxes
horizontal and vertical integration
- Interstate Commerce Act 1887, passed after the Wabash decision (reaffirmed Congress’s authority and ruled that states could not establish rates involving interstate commerce) set up the Interstate Commerce Commission to supervise railroad activities and regulate unfair/unethical practices (later disbanded under Reagan’s administration)
-Age of Invention: LIGHT BULB, POWER PLANTS led way for wider availability of electricity
- carnegie is extremely rich in the steel industry, rockefeller in standard oil company- superr rich
rise of industrial capitalism
Rutherford B. Hayes: supported temperance, pulled troops out of the South, more of a moderate
Great Strike of 1877: strike occurs after wage cuts for railroad workers, 11 states affected by 23 tracks being shut down
Hayes sends in federal troops to put down the strike
Begins a pattern of violence against unions
Bland-Allison Act: 1878, limited the coinage of silver, relevant in the Gilded Age currency debate
-political bosses/machines
-knights of labor, one of the first labor unions in 1869, want max hours and minimujm wage, federal income tax (comes in 16th ammendment), equal pay for men and women (continuation of the feminist movement), child labor laws, and govt ownership of railroad and telegraph lines (start of populists, it was being exploited by big buisness)
labor of the gilded age
- migration to the western frontier (leads to frontier thesis, land morill grant act and homestead act of 1862)
- immigration: southern and eastern europeans, children assimilated but many preserved their culture, haymarket square riot- radical laborers were seen as evil, desperate workers were turning to socialism/anarchy
- blacks and latinos given worst jobs, lived in tenements
- advancements in mass transportation
immigration/migration in the gilded age
- settlement houses again i think? but they also formed their own towns and there was a lot of nativism, kkk
- chinese immigration –> chinese exclusion act
- blacks faced opposition from segregated south, jim crow laws, etc.
- assembly line production
- populists AGAINST immigrants, they feel they’re taking us jobs
- big buissnesses are happy because they can exploit more people with civil service programs/financial aid and buy their votes
responses to immigration in the gilded age
- gospel of wealth, social gospel, social darwinism to help poor
- women that helped immigrants established their place which furthered the subtle feminist movement
development of the middle class
- SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT 1890- forbade monopolies/conspiracies between buiesnesses
- monopoly= complete control of an entire industry
- people had holding companies where they had a huge controlling interest in the raw materials
reform in the gilded age
hayes. garfield, arthur: worked with CIVIL SERVICE REFORM
cleveland- wants as little govt interference as possible
benjamin harrison wants the opposite, passed MEAT INSPECTION ACT/PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT
- BILLION DOLLAR CONGRESS- raised budget to a million dollars, spent money fot veterans, programs, etc
- a lot of states imposed railroad regulation because they made their prices extremely high but congress refused to interfere and called it interstate commerce affairs
-1887 Interstate Commerce Act- set up Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad and monopolies/unfair practices (disbanded under Reag reag)
affluence from “gilded age” based off of poverty of many, corruption and patronage
-rise of populist movement
controversies of the role of govt in the gilded age
- silver/populist movement: farmers (in farmers’ alliance)
-Grange Movement became the Farmers’ Alliance, had over a million members, led to populist movement and beginning of the reversal of the democratic party because the common people want the govt to interfere in corrupt industry to help them - banks want to use gold standard for security of the money supply, farmers want soft money and the farmers’ plan want the use of silver coins that was mined in the west and since there was a bit more of it miners supported it and it could kinda promote inflation
-McKinley Tariff 1890, tax on foriegn and domestic stuff, sparked debate between house of representatives and senate, raised domestic buisness products to exponentially high rates, one of the factors of the spanish american war, america wanted new markets
politics in the gilded age
- imperlaism- america’s search for new markets, spanish-american war,
- people’s party establishment and populist movement, federal regulation of privately owned buisness
- wounded knee massacre- assimilation of natives
- social awareness (civil service, meat inspection and pure drug and food act)
- American suffrage association fought for women’s suffrage, first wave of feminism is shown in their contributions for other movements
continuity/change
presidents of unit 6
Rutherford b. Hayes 1877-1881
James Garfield 1881 (assassinated)
Chester arthur 1881-1885
Grover Cleveland 1885-1889
Benjamin Harrison 1889-1893
Grover Cleveland 1893-1897
William McKinley 1897-1901
Rutherford B. Hayes
(1877-1881) (Republican moderate)
“Second corrupt bargain”, beginning of the Gilded Age
Great Strike of 1877 put down, unions like the Knights of Labor, AFL
Bland-Allison Act of 1878 (limited coinage of silver)
