unit 1 and 2 apush Flashcards
- 1000s-1300s holy wars, muslim trade routes became pricey
- 1400 new naval technology, 1450 portuguese caravel brings them to africa
- plantation system set up in africa
- 1488 bartolomeu dias reaches india
- 1492 columbus gets to us on spanish ships
- 1519 collapse of the aztecs because of herman cortes
- 1532 inca people are defeated by francisco pizzaro
- 1517, martin luther challenges church, 1530 calvinism
context for p1
- 1519 collapse of the aztecs because of herman cortes
- 1532 inca people are defeated by francisco pizzaro
- 1598 battle of acoma- war between spanish and pueblo, establishes new mexico
- cahokia
- anasazi */hohokam/ pueblo
- Iroquois league
iroquois, mohawks,oneidas, onondagas, cayugas. senecas
tuscaroras(1720)
Cahokia/ osage, wichita, omaha
Chippewa/ algonquians
sioux*, blackfoot, arapaho, cheyenne
Chinook
shoshone, paiute, ute
native american societies before european contact
dutch- netherlands, attempted to build great trading empire, as it achieved success in other areas aroundd the world, had trading posts as settlements (New Amsterdam), fell to the english
english- considered natives valuable for trading, depended on natives for trade, slaves, and allies but tried to exclude them as much as posssible (no assimilation) , came in great numbers, (families vs young men )intermixing was rare, english launched wars of extermination whwn conflict occured and the powhatan confederacy was destroyed by english in 1640s
french- fur traders, friendler relations (7 years’ war) , sometimes adopted native practitces, were so spread out that they would never be able to take them in a war
spain- want catholic subjects, caste system including mestizos since native women were raped (econmienda system), wipeout of ancient native tribes
1598 Battle of Acoma: between Spanish & Pueblos leads to the creation of New Mexico
european exploration
In 1492, Columbus brought the Eastern and Western Hemispheres back together. The resulting swap of Old and New World germs, animals, plants, peoples, and cultures has been called the “Columbian Exchange.”
- econmienda system, want catholic subjects, establishment of new mexico,mestizos
- collapse of aztecs (heman cortes 1519) and incas (pizzaro, 1532)
- revolutionized european nad native culture by expanding trade and technology creating a radically mixed new world with wealth and status
spanish exploration/conquest, columbian exchange
econmienda system, conquistadors, spanish navy (spanish armada prevented other europeans from having a really big foothold in the new world)
- smallpox wipedout up to 95% of the population
- native americans had amazing technology but died by disease super often
- juan de sepulveda and bartolome de las casas expressed a range of ideas on how to deal with natives, contrasting from peace, tolerance, dominance, and enslavement
spanish caste system, labor and slavery
middle passage, transatlantic trade, presevation of culture, 1661 barbados slave codes, encomienda system (mestizos, mulattos, zambos all placed at bottom alongside slaves), english destroyed powhatan confederacy 1640s,
- john rolfe (survivor of the starving time) marries pocahontas and fixes relations a little (natives stopped sending supplies when john smith went back to england for an injury)
1622 natives strike back and kill 347 settlers
1625 1200 out of 8000 survived
1644 Second Anglo-Powhatan War: native defeat
1646 peace treaty eliminates coexistence with natives
1685 Powhatans considered extinct by English
powhatan wars 1610-1677, pequot war 1636-1638, beaver wars 1628-1701, decline of the huron confederacy 1634-1649, king phillip’s war 1675-1678, pueblo revolt 1680, chickasaw wars 1721-1763, decline of the catawba nation 1700s
cultural interactions between africans natives and europeans
1606 Virginia company made to colonize NA, joint stock companies aided in colonization
1606 Virginia Charter: guaranteed settlers the same rights as if they were in England
1606 Jamestown colony created in Chesapeake Bay
1612 John Rolfe perfects tobacco farming in Virginia > demand rises
Becomes an integral part of Virginia economy
- 1619 , Dutch warship brings the first slaves to the colonies
1620 founding of plymouth and mayflower compact
1634 Maryland established by Lord Baltimore as a refuge for Catholics
Protestant rebellion after large estates are given to Catholic relatives > Baltimores lose proprietary righEconomy based on tobacco with indentured servitude
1649 Act of Toleration gave religious toleration to Catholics
1636, founding of rhode island (Roger williams)
1638 Anne hutchinson was kicked out
1655 England takes the West Indies and makes the
1661 Barbados slave code > gave masters complete control over their slaves
1696 English settlers from Barbados arrive in Carolinas
1696 Carolinas adopt the slave code
1600s navigation acts create transalantic slave trade and triangle trade (people stolen from africa, metals given to africa? raw goods shipped to usa)
european colonization
- Chesapeake: VA, Maryland. many came because of indentured servitude
- quakers, william penn, pennsylvania
- 1618 headright system- 50 acres granted to colonists and potential settlers
- 1619 house of burgesses established- any property owning white male could vote, slavery introduced
- MA bay company, separtists were a puritan group that left england becausr they felt the church of england was so bad and they were so good and right that thehy needed to leave and show them how it’s done, eventually settle at plymouth on the mayfflower
- Mayflower Compact- asserted that govt came from consent of the governed and not from god
- squanto helped them
- (monarchs and absolutists supported that)
- John winthrop leads massachusets bay colony, wants to be a colony for others to look up to, puritans believed they had a covenant with god, the puritans and congressionalists did not accept relgious tolerance, they were all strict calvinists
- great awakening occured during this time period \
- colonists begin smuggling and not paying fees to dock/port masters (creeping around mercantilism and they got away with it because salutary neglect)
- roger williams is like hey what if we separate church from state and they’re like NO so he establishes rhode island which has very liberal policies, free religion, did not rewuire voters to be church members
- anne hutchingson, antinomianism, aka moral law and good deeds < god’s grace
- pause in puritan immigration to NE because the english civil wars won religious freedom and representation in govt (1649-1660)
- NE lived in towns, lived longers, immigrated as families, slavery was rare, better climate, settled near meetinghouses
- chesapeake colonies had slaves, more young men, relied on cash crops (rice, indigo, tobacco), more spaced out, hotter climate
- CT, 1635 fundamental orders (first written consituttoin in british north america) , royal colony
- Lord baltimore also got maryland as a royal colony, passed Act of Toleration 1649 to protect religious freedom of most christians but religious civil wars still occured
- NY to the king’s brother, dutch made up a lot of ny’s population (New amsterdam!!) , NJ (many were quakers but not as much as PA) , PA royal colony, religious freedom and civil liberties,
- 1729 Carolina splits into two states- North carolina is a virginia like colony and southern carolina has a lot of englishmen that colonized barbados
- 1732 royal colony, james oglethorpe, GA, banned slavery in the beginning but they relied on it too much
regions of the british colonies
- middle passage, part of triangular trade between africa europe and usa, conditions were so bad that it wasn’t unusual for 1/5 of the people to die and people kts, started from colonists who were in the carribean and then moved to the carolinas, grew indigo, tobacco and rice, justified white superiority, it was really hard to enslave natives since they knew the land and could just run away plus cultivation was considered women’s work in tribes
- took root in southern colonies but not really middle colonies except for farms where it was used in production for MA and RI
- Stono uprising, first slave uprising, stole ammunition and guns and freed other slaves and then fled to spanish florida but were killled and in response colonies passed even more restrictive laws to hold more force over the slaves, fear of slave rebellions increased
transatlantic trade/slavery in british colonies
- bacon’s rebellion 1676- wanted permission to kick natives off off VA’s western frontier and govt was like no (berkley was govenor) so he was like FINE so he did it himself and killled people from a few different tribes, including ones allied with the english and also burned jameson?? it’s also important because a lot of upset indentured servants sided with free blacks over the shared experience of not being allowed to vote, the racial lines scared southerners and they created what would eventually become black codes after the civil war
- ## allusion to the AR over westward expansion in search of land and away from commercial/political centers
interactions between natives and europeans
- firrst great awakening- jonathan edwards and george whitefiled preached calvinism and hell, revived religion 1730s-1770s, people evangelized people
- the great awakening is a response to the enlightenment, european intellecutual movement, ben franklin spread these ideas and published poor richard’s almanack which was really popular
- 90% people had lived in rural areas
- salem witch trials 1692- mass hysteria when teenage girls accused everyone of everything
- slaves incorporated depending on state
- south: cash crops
- colleges were rare
- middle colonies: NJ, PA, NJ, fertle land, farming, NYC and philadelphia are major trading centers
- chesapeake: blacks made up to half the population, grain was also farmed which diversified the colonies, plantations
- NE: trade, dominion of New England, english attempts to stop illegal trade, 1662 halfway convenant
- not really unified as a whole
colonial society and structure
