Unit 7-9 Flashcards
System:
A set of interconnected parts
Cells the basic units of life, maintain the lie processes within…
organelles
Cells are highly efficient, open systems that are able to…
Exchange matter and energy
A cell must work continuously to be…
Efficient and to conserve energy
Main structure of plant and animal cells are…
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Lipids are…
Fats and oils
Nucleic Acids:
Complex molecule made up of Nucleotides
Solvent:
Substances that are dissolved in water
Trace Elements:
Element that an organism requires in small amounts
Similarities between plants and animals:
Both have cell membrane and an internal network of fibres, the cytoskeleton
DNA is made up of…
Protein and Lipids
Cytoskeleton:
Network of fine protein fibres that support cells that contain a nucleas
Differences between plants and animals:
Animal cells have centrioles
Plants have rigged cell well made of…
Cellouse
Plant cells contain…
Specialized compounds
Some plant cells store energy in the form of…
Starch or oils
Animal cells may contain…
Glycogen
Plant cells have a large central vacuoles and vesicles in…
Animal cells tend to be small
Equilibrium:
A state of balance between opposing actions
Plasma Membrane:(Cell Membrane)
Structure that surrounds a cell and regulates the passage of material between the cell and environment
Plasma Membrane:
Phospholipid Bilayer
Phospholipid Bilayer:
Double layer of outward-facing phosphates and inward facing fatty acids that form a cell membrane
The phosphates face out into watery fluids on either side of the cell membrane..
While the lipids face towards each other in the inner part of the membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model:
Description of the arrangement of protein molecules in the fluid double layer of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane
The cell membrane is the barrier to free exchange between the…
Outside environment and the cytoplasm
Whatever changes happen to the cell, the ability to transport materials must stay at…
Maximum
If a cell becomes larger and its volume increases more molecules will need to be…
Transported access the cell surface to take part in the cells functions
If the cell is to maintain its ability to transport substances …
There must be a greater surface area to match the increases in size
Cell must have a larger…
Surface area in ration to the volume
The transport of gases, nutrients, and wastes into and out of the cell..
Is essential for the cell’s survival
The cell membrane is the…
Organelle responsible for transport
All matter is made up of…
Particles
The particles are constantly…
Moving or vibrating
The particles of matter…
Are attracted to one another or bonded together
Particles have…
Spaces between them
Diffusion:
Spontaneous movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
These particles are in…
Constant motion
The state of equilibrium which particles are still moving but…
Maintain an overall balanced even distribution
Rate of Diffusion:
The relative movement of a particle in response to a concentration gradient
Can be increased by adding…
Energy and increasing molecular movement
Diffusion of water or solutes can occur across a cell membrane if their is…
A difference between the concentrations of water or solutes on either side of the cell membrane
Concentration Gradients:
Difference within a given area between the highest and lowest concentrations of a particular chemical substance
Passive Transport:
Movement of material by the process of diffusion
Passive transport does not need…
Added energy
Selectivity Permeable:
A natural membrane that allows certain particles to pass through it but excludes other
Semi-permeable:
A type of membrane which allows certain particles to pass through while others are excluded
Passage of materials through the cell membrane is determined by…
The size of the molecules, their charge and whether they are soluble in lipids
Particles that are too large will not get through only particles that are soluble…
Or that are small enough to pass through the pores of the cell membrane will diffuse
The carrier protein changes…
Shape and physically moves the molecule across the membrane and into the cell
Once the molecule has been transported…
The protein will return to its original shape
Facilitated Diffusion:
Diffusion of molecules across a membrane through binding to carrier proteins
Active Transport:
Movement of molecules or ions across a membrane against a concentration gradient;
Active Transport requires…
Energy
The carrier proteins work as a pump to move molecules or Ions…
Across the membrane
Adenosine Triphosphate:
Nucleotide that releases stored energy in a cell
Vesicles are…
Sacs that surround the large particles and contain it against
Vesicles are…
Small and temporary
Endocytosis:
Uptake of particles or molecules by formation of a vesicle from the cell membrane
Endocytosis
Requires energy
Exocytosis:
Release of molecules from a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane to export the molecules from the cell
Exocytosis
Requires energy
Membrane Technologies:
Industrial use of synthetics to mimic the action of membranes
Recognition Proteins:
Protein molecules protruding from cells that allow communication between cells
Receptor Proteins:
Specialized molecules on the surface of the cell to which messenger molecules from other cells can bind
Lock-and-key would work to…
Block or close off the receptor protein that the “key” produced by the virus would not work
Liposomes:
Fluid-filled sacs surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer identical to the cell membrane of human cells
Insulin:
A small protein produced in the pancreas
It is secreted into the blood stream and binds…
With membrane receptors at a distance from the point of secretion
Peritoneal dialysis
The purpose is to rid the body of toxins, waste, and excess fluids produced by the cells of the body
Peritoneum:
A membrane that lines the abdominal cavity in humans and other vertebrates
Hemodialysis:
Treatment for kidney failure in which membranes in a dialysis machine clean the blood and remove the wastes
Desalination:
The process of removing salt from sea water in order to make it suitable for drinking
Reverse Osmosis:
The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration solute
Living cells require oxygen, a gas that is…
Usually in higher concentration outside the cell
Particles move from an area of higher concentration…
To an area of lower concentration
Osmosis:
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Hypertonic:
Describes a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution
Hypertonic has more solute particles and therefor…
Less water than the cell contents
Hypotonic:
The concentration of solutes outside is lower than it is inside the cell.
Isotonic:
The concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to that inside the cell
“Iso”
means equal
“Hypo”
means under
If you put into an isotonic solution, there is…
No net movement of water molecules
Channel proteins:
A protein in the cell membrane that forms in a passage way through which specific solutes can pass by diffusion
Carrier Proteins:
Have the ability to attach to larger molecules that are not able to diffuse across the membrane
The cell membrane moves freely and is made up of lots of…
Different parts
Hyper
More solutes
