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Biology > Unit 7-9 > Flashcards

Unit 7-9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

System:

A

A set of interconnected parts

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2
Q

Cells the basic units of life, maintain the lie processes within…

A

organelles

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3
Q

Cells are highly efficient, open systems that are able to…

A

Exchange matter and energy

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4
Q

A cell must work continuously to be…

A

Efficient and to conserve energy

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5
Q

Main structure of plant and animal cells are…

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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6
Q

Lipids are…

A

Fats and oils

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7
Q

Nucleic Acids:

A

Complex molecule made up of Nucleotides

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8
Q

Solvent:

A

Substances that are dissolved in water

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9
Q

Trace Elements:

A

Element that an organism requires in small amounts

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10
Q

Similarities between plants and animals:

A

Both have cell membrane and an internal network of fibres, the cytoskeleton

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11
Q

DNA is made up of…

A

Protein and Lipids

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12
Q

Cytoskeleton:

A

Network of fine protein fibres that support cells that contain a nucleas

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13
Q

Differences between plants and animals:

A

Animal cells have centrioles

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14
Q

Plants have rigged cell well made of…

A

Cellouse

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15
Q

Plant cells contain…

A

Specialized compounds

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16
Q

Some plant cells store energy in the form of…

A

Starch or oils

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17
Q

Animal cells may contain…

A

Glycogen

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18
Q

Plant cells have a large central vacuoles and vesicles in…

A

Animal cells tend to be small

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19
Q

Equilibrium:

A

A state of balance between opposing actions

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20
Q

Plasma Membrane:(Cell Membrane)

A

Structure that surrounds a cell and regulates the passage of material between the cell and environment

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21
Q

Plasma Membrane:

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

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22
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer:

A

Double layer of outward-facing phosphates and inward facing fatty acids that form a cell membrane

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23
Q

The phosphates face out into watery fluids on either side of the cell membrane..

A

While the lipids face towards each other in the inner part of the membrane

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24
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model:

A

Description of the arrangement of protein molecules in the fluid double layer of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane

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25
Q

The cell membrane is the barrier to free exchange between the…

A

Outside environment and the cytoplasm

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26
Q

Whatever changes happen to the cell, the ability to transport materials must stay at…

A

Maximum

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27
Q

If a cell becomes larger and its volume increases more molecules will need to be…

A

Transported access the cell surface to take part in the cells functions

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28
Q

If the cell is to maintain its ability to transport substances …

A

There must be a greater surface area to match the increases in size

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29
Q

Cell must have a larger…

A

Surface area in ration to the volume

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30
Q

The transport of gases, nutrients, and wastes into and out of the cell..

A

Is essential for the cell’s survival

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31
Q

The cell membrane is the…

A

Organelle responsible for transport

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32
Q

All matter is made up of…

A

Particles

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33
Q

The particles are constantly…

A

Moving or vibrating

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34
Q

The particles of matter…

A

Are attracted to one another or bonded together

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35
Q

Particles have…

A

Spaces between them

36
Q

Diffusion:

A

Spontaneous movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

37
Q

These particles are in…

A

Constant motion

38
Q

The state of equilibrium which particles are still moving but…

A

Maintain an overall balanced even distribution

39
Q

Rate of Diffusion:

A

The relative movement of a particle in response to a concentration gradient

40
Q

Can be increased by adding…

A

Energy and increasing molecular movement

41
Q

Diffusion of water or solutes can occur across a cell membrane if their is…

A

A difference between the concentrations of water or solutes on either side of the cell membrane

42
Q

Concentration Gradients:

A

Difference within a given area between the highest and lowest concentrations of a particular chemical substance

43
Q

Passive Transport:

A

Movement of material by the process of diffusion

44
Q

Passive transport does not need…

A

Added energy

45
Q

Selectivity Permeable:

A

A natural membrane that allows certain particles to pass through it but excludes other

46
Q

Semi-permeable:

A

A type of membrane which allows certain particles to pass through while others are excluded

47
Q

Passage of materials through the cell membrane is determined by…

A

The size of the molecules, their charge and whether they are soluble in lipids

48
Q

Particles that are too large will not get through only particles that are soluble…

A

Or that are small enough to pass through the pores of the cell membrane will diffuse

49
Q

The carrier protein changes…

A

Shape and physically moves the molecule across the membrane and into the cell

50
Q

Once the molecule has been transported…

A

The protein will return to its original shape

51
Q

Facilitated Diffusion:

A

Diffusion of molecules across a membrane through binding to carrier proteins

52
Q

Active Transport:

A

Movement of molecules or ions across a membrane against a concentration gradient;

53
Q

Active Transport requires…

A

Energy

54
Q

The carrier proteins work as a pump to move molecules or Ions…

A

Across the membrane

55
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate:

A

Nucleotide that releases stored energy in a cell

56
Q

Vesicles are…

A

Sacs that surround the large particles and contain it against

57
Q

Vesicles are…

A

Small and temporary

58
Q

Endocytosis:

A

Uptake of particles or molecules by formation of a vesicle from the cell membrane

59
Q

Endocytosis

A

Requires energy

60
Q

Exocytosis:

A

Release of molecules from a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane to export the molecules from the cell

61
Q

Exocytosis

A

Requires energy

62
Q

Membrane Technologies:

A

Industrial use of synthetics to mimic the action of membranes

63
Q

Recognition Proteins:

A

Protein molecules protruding from cells that allow communication between cells

64
Q

Receptor Proteins:

A

Specialized molecules on the surface of the cell to which messenger molecules from other cells can bind

65
Q

Lock-and-key would work to…

A

Block or close off the receptor protein that the “key” produced by the virus would not work

66
Q

Liposomes:

A

Fluid-filled sacs surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer identical to the cell membrane of human cells

67
Q

Insulin:

A

A small protein produced in the pancreas

68
Q

It is secreted into the blood stream and binds…

A

With membrane receptors at a distance from the point of secretion

69
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

The purpose is to rid the body of toxins, waste, and excess fluids produced by the cells of the body

70
Q

Peritoneum:

A

A membrane that lines the abdominal cavity in humans and other vertebrates

71
Q

Hemodialysis:

A

Treatment for kidney failure in which membranes in a dialysis machine clean the blood and remove the wastes

72
Q

Desalination:

A

The process of removing salt from sea water in order to make it suitable for drinking

73
Q

Reverse Osmosis:

A

The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration solute

74
Q

Living cells require oxygen, a gas that is…

A

Usually in higher concentration outside the cell

75
Q

Particles move from an area of higher concentration…

A

To an area of lower concentration

76
Q

Osmosis:

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

77
Q

Hypertonic:

A

Describes a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution

78
Q

Hypertonic has more solute particles and therefor…

A

Less water than the cell contents

79
Q

Hypotonic:

A

The concentration of solutes outside is lower than it is inside the cell.

80
Q

Isotonic:

A

The concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to that inside the cell

81
Q

“Iso”

A

means equal

82
Q

“Hypo”

A

means under

83
Q

If you put into an isotonic solution, there is…

A

No net movement of water molecules

84
Q

Channel proteins:

A

A protein in the cell membrane that forms in a passage way through which specific solutes can pass by diffusion

85
Q

Carrier Proteins:

A

Have the ability to attach to larger molecules that are not able to diffuse across the membrane

86
Q

The cell membrane moves freely and is made up of lots of…

A

Different parts

87
Q

Hyper

A

More solutes

Biology (19 decks)

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