Chemistry 15-17 Flashcards by Sabrina werstuik

Everything is made up of chemicals either in the form of…

Pure elements or more commonly in the form of compounds

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Pure substances that cannot be broken down into other substances

elements

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There are about…

90 naturally and 25 synthetic elements

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Based on their properties all elements are divided into 3 classes…

Metals, non-metals, and metalloids

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A shiny, malleable ductile element

metals

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Metals make up…

most elements

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Metals are good conductions of…

Electricity and heat

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Metals are…

Silver/grey and shiny

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All malleable items can be…

Beaten or rolled into sheets without crumbling

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All ductile materials can be…

Stretched into long wires

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Metals are solid at

25 degrees

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Some are highly reactive with…

Air and water other are unreactive

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17 elements with varying properties that are different from metals

non-metals

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Grouped together because…

They are different from metals

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Non-metals vary

in colours and forms

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Non-metals half exist as connected groups of atoms called…

Molecules, some only as individual atoms

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Elements with properties between metals and non-metals

metalloids

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Some metalloids conduct electricity but…

Not very well

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A group of non-metal atoms bound by covenant bonds

molecule

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Organizes all the elements according to their…

chemical properties

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Metals located from the left side to the…

Centre of the table

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Non-metals on…

Far right

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A non-metal but located on the left because it behaves like a metal in chemical reactions

hydrogen

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Period 1-7

horizontal row

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Group or family 1-18

vertical column

Families of groups of elements that have...

Similar chemical and physical properties

Group 1 includes lithium, sodium and...

potassium

Alkali Metals...

Very reactive with water

Group 2 includes magnesium and...

Calcium

Reactive but not as alkali metals, less soluble than compounds formed by alkali metals

Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 18 contains helium, neon and...

Argon which are noble gases

Noble gases...

Non-reactive

Group 17 are the halogen, which consists of flourine, chlorine, bromine and...

Iodine

Poisonous, react with the alkali metals to form salts -- compounds produced in neutralization reactions between acids and base

halogens

The smallest part of an element that still has the properties of the element.

atomic

Region of spaces near an atoms nucleas that may be empty or may contain electrons

energy levels

Electrons in energy levels nearest to the nucleas have...

The lowest energy levels

Electrons farther away from the nucleas...

Have more energy

First energy levels can hold up to...

2 electrons

2nd and 3rd levels can hold up to

8 electrons

The atomic number of an element indicates the number of protons it has all atoms have an element of the same number of protons

atomic number

Atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons.

isotopes

each isotope of an element is given a number called the

mass number

An integer equal to the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleas of an atom

mass number

To determine the number of neutrons in an atom by

Subtracting the atomic number from the mass number

Related to mass number, the average mass of the elements isotopes

atomic molar mass

Number of electrons in an atom =

The number of protons

The process of gaining or losing electrons

ionization

electrically charged atom or group of atoms

ion

Positively charged ions

cation

Cations usually form when the metal atoms

lose electrons

When electrons leave an atom

negative charges leave, the ions remain positively charged

Has more protons than

electrons

Negatively charged ions

anions

Mostly form when non-metals gain

electrons

Written by using the first part of the elements name and changing the end to

"ide"

An element reactivity is related to the number

of electrons in it's outer energy level

elements are most stable, or unreactive when they have filled

the outer energy levels

very stable, do not lose or gain electrons

noble gases

Electrons in the outer energy level

valence electrons

The tendency to gain or lose electrons

valence

Used to describe the number of electrons an element can gain or lose to combine with other elements

valence number

Elements in the same family have the same

number of valence electrons, resulting in similar chemical properties.

From left or right on the periodic table, atoms gain one valence electrons

and proton per element

States that atoms bond in such a way as to have eight electrons in their valance energy levels

the octect rule

This is another way to say that atoms tend to be stable with

full outer energy levels

Hydrogen, lithium, and beryllium only need two electrons in their

Valence level because the nearest noble gas, helium, has 2 electrons

It is difficult for atoms to lose more than three electrons because

every time an electron is lost the nucleas, the nucleas makes the remaining electrons tighter

Protons

atomic number

Electrons

atomic number - charge

Neutrons

Mass number - atomic number

an organized array of ions

crystal lattice

A neutral; smallest amount of an iconic compound with the composition shown by the chemical formula

formula unit

multiple atoms of the same element

polyatomic molecule

Atoms can exist on their own

monatomic molecule

mono

tri

tetra

penta

hexa

hepta

octa

ennea

deca

identify ionic compounds | always contain positive and

negative ions

presence of a

cation

formula begins with a

metal ion

good

conductors

identify molecular compounds | groups of non-metallic atoms

neici together by bonds

crystal

shape

conducts

electricity

polar =

each molecule has a positive and negative end

living system depend on

polarity

polarity makes it easier to be a

liquid

electrolytes

any solution that can conduct electricity

compound that dissolves water to form of solution with a PH LOWER THAN 7

acid

compound that dissolves in water to form a solution with a PH HIGHER THAN 7

base

a measure of the number of hydrogen ions in a solution

A substance that can keep a PH nearly constant despite added acids and bases

Buffer

In acid blue litmus paper turns red

Litmus indicator

In base red litmus paper turns

blue

neutral solution will

not change colour

A mixture of several indicators that change colour as acidity changes

Universal indicator

the presence of a hydrogen ion with a metal ion or allumonium ion

indicates that a substance is basic

When acids and bases react and both a acidic and basic properties disappear produces water and compound -- salt

Neutralization

2 most hazardous recreation chemicals

1. alcohol 2. Nicotine