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Bio201 > Unit 6: ANS and Somatic Sensory Division > Flashcards

Unit 6: ANS and Somatic Sensory Division Flashcards

1
Q

The ANS controls which structures?

A

Glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

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2
Q

Describe a visceral reflex arc and give an example

A

Imbalance or sensation detected within the body (organs), afferent neurons send message to spinal cord/brain where information is integrated, efferent neurons send message to effector in response

Example: vomiting, swallowing, contracting walls of hollow organs, dilation of pupil

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3
Q

What is the difference between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

A

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for physical activity - “fight or flight”

The sympathetic nervous system calms the body and allows for rest - “rest and digest”

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4
Q

What is the difference between somatic and autonomic pathways

A

Somatic NS controls voluntary movements involving skeletal muscle
Autonomic NS controls involuntary movements involving smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

Somatic NS detects sensory stimuli (smell, taste, touch, etc.)
Autonomic NS detects sensory stimuli within (change in blood pressure, pH, etc.)

Somatic NS always causes excitatory response (acetylcholine)
Autonomic NS can be excitatory or inhibitory (acetylcholine or norepinephrine)

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5
Q

How many neurons are involved in the ANS neural pathways? What are they called?

A

2 neurons
Preganglionic and Postganglionic

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6
Q

Where are the ganglia located in the ANS neural pathways?

A

Central neuron between pre and post neurons

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7
Q

Where do preganglionic cells originate in the sympathetic NS?

A

Thoracolumbar (T1 - L2)

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8
Q

Where do preganglionic cells originate in the parasympathetic NS?

A

Brain stem or sacrum

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9
Q

Sympathetic NS has a variety of pathways which allow for

A

Convergence and Divergence = Widespread effect

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10
Q

The Sympathetic NS ganglion is called the

A

sympathetic chain ganglia

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11
Q

The Parasympathetic NS has long neurons which allow for _________

A

targeted effects

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12
Q

The terminal ganglia are located _________ in the Parasympathetic NS because

A

At the effector because the post ganglionic neuron is very short

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13
Q

What is the enteric NS

A

Digestive tract’s nervous system

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14
Q

Describe the Enteric NS

A

Neurons line the walls of the GI tract
Has own reflex arc (is not involved w/ CNS)
Regulates the secretions and movement of muscles in the viscera

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15
Q

What neurons in the ANS are cholinergic?

A

Nicotinic
At synapse between pre AND post neurons in parasympathetic AND sympathetic NS

Muscarinic
On all parasympathetic NS target cells and some sympathetic NS target cells

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16
Q

Define cholinergic

A

Release acetylcholine (ACh)

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17
Q

Define adrenergic

A

Release norepinephrine

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18
Q

What neurons are adrenergic and where do they originate?

A

Adrenergic
Sympathetic NS target cells

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19
Q

Nicotinic receptors are

A

Excitatory

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20
Q

Muscarinic receptors are

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

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21
Q

Adrenergic receptors are

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

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22
Q

Define dual innervation

A

Means an organ gets input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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23
Q

What is an example of how the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems can be antagonistic

A

When the sympathetic NS raises the heart rate, the parasympathetic NS works to make sure the heart rate does not increase too much

SNS dilates pupil and PSNS constricts pupil/ brings back to normal

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24
Q

What is an example of how the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems can be cooperative

A

Reproductive and urinary systems effected cooperatively by SNS and PSNS

Erection of penis is due to vasodilation from parasympathetic NS stimulation

Ejaculation is due to stimulation through sympathetic nerves

Urge to urinate is promoted by constriction of bladder (PSNS) and encouraged by SNS which increases tone of the bladder muscles

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25
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the cardiovascular system

A

Increase heart rate
Increase BP
Vasoconstriction of vessels

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26
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the cardiovascular system

A

Decrease heart rate
Decrease BP

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27
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the respiratory system

A

Increase ventilation rate
Dilate bronchi

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28
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the respiratory system

A

Decrease ventilation rate
Constrict bronchi

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29
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the nervous system

A

Dilate pupils

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30
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the nervous system

A

Constrict pupils

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31
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect blood nutrient levels?

A

Increase glucose
Increase fatty acids

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32
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the endocrine system

A

Secretes adrenaline
Lowers insulin levels

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33
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the endocrine system

A

Increase insulin levels

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34
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the digestive system

A

Decrease peristalsis
Decrease salivation
Contract sphincters
Decrease enzyme secretions

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35
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the digestive system

A

Increase peristalsis
Increase salivation
Relax sphincters
Increase enzyme secretions

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36
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the urinary system

A

Relax the bladder

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37
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the urinary system

A

Contract (empty) bladder

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38
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the cutaneous tissues

A

Contract arrector pili
Increase sweat production

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39
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the cutaneous tissues

A

Decrease sweat gland secretion

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40
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the reproductive system

A

Ejaculation

41
Q

How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the reproductive system

A

Erection

42
Q

What are transducers and what do they do?

A

Sensory receptors which convert stimuli to electrochemical activity

43
Q

What are the 3 ways sensory receptors are classified?

A

By modality (form)
By origin of stimuli
By distribution

44
Q

Give examples of Modality sensory receptors

A

Chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors

45
Q

Give examples of origins for stimuli for sensory receptors

A

Interoreceptor (within)
Proprioceptor (position/ movement of body)
Exteroce[tpr (external)

46
Q

What are the 2 types of distribution for sensory receptors

A

General/Somesthetic (widely distributed)
Special senses (taste, sight, touch, hearing, smell)

47
Q

How many neurons are involved in the Somesthetic (general) sense pathways? What are they called?

A

3 neurons
First order neuron
Second order neuron
Third order neuron

48
Q

What is the job of a first order neuron? Where is it located in the head? In the rest of the body?

A

Afferent = detect stimuli
Head = Cranial nerves to pons & medulla
Body = Spinal nerves to dorsal horn of spinal cord

49
Q

Touch, pressure, and proprioception are delivered on _____, ______, and ______ axons

A

Fast, large, and myelinated

50
Q

Temperature reception is delivered on _______, _______, and _______ axons

A

small, slow, and unmyelinated

51
Q

What is the job of a second order neuron? Where does this message end?

A

Transmit message to opposite side of the medulla or spinal cord
Ends in thalamus

52
Q

What is the job of a third order neuron? Where does this path end?

A

Extends from thalamus to the primary somesthetic cortex of the parietal lobe

53
Q

Where is the primary somesthetic cortex

A

Parietal lobe

54
Q

Somatic pain comes from

A

Surface (skin, muscle, joints)

55
Q

Visceral pain comes from

A

Within (stretch of organs, chemical irritants, damage, etc.)

56
Q

Describe fast pain and how fast does it travel?

A

Sharp, local, stabbing pain
Travels at 30 m/s along myelinated fibers

57
Q

Describe slow pain and how fast does it travel?

A

Dull, long-lasting, diffused pain
Travels at 2 m/s along unmyelinated fibers

58
Q

Nociceptors are found everywhere except

A

The brain

59
Q

What are nociceptors

A

Pain receptors

60
Q

What are the 5 primary taste sensations?

A

Sweet, sour, bitter, umami, salty

61
Q

What stimulates the sweet taste? How?

A

Sugars/glucose
Bind to receptors

62
Q

What triggers the bitter taste? How?

A

Alkaloids
Bind to receptors

63
Q

What triggers the umami taste? How?

A

Glutamates
Bind to receptors

64
Q

What triggers the sour taste? How?

A

Acids
Depolarize cells directly

65
Q

What triggers the salty taste? How?

A

Sodium
Depolarize cells directly

66
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate taste buds?

A

Facial (7), Glossopharyngeal (9), Vagus (10)

67
Q

Where is taste perceived in the cerebrum?

A

Postcentral gyri

68
Q

What is found within the olfactory foramina?

A

Olfactory nerves

69
Q

The cribriform plate is found on the __________ bone and contains olfactory foramina

A

Ethmoid

70
Q

Olfactory sensors adapt _______

A

Quickly

71
Q

How long do olfactory neuron survive for?

A

60 days

72
Q

What is the olfactory mucosa?

A

Made up of receptor cells which have 20 cilia

73
Q

Define pinna and its function

A

AKA auricle
Directs air vibrations down external auditory meatus

74
Q

Describe how sound waves travel through the ear to be processed by the brain

A

Sound waves enter at pinna and are directed down external auditory meatus

Tympanic membrane vibrates

Auditory ossicles vibrate

Cochlear membrane vibrates which activates hair cells, ion channels open to depolarize

Sound perceived by primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe

75
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Temporal lobe

76
Q

What are the 3 regions of the ear?

A

External, middle, and inner

77
Q

What structures are in the outer ear?

A

Auricle, tympanic membrane

78
Q

What structures are in the middle ear?

A

Auditory ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes)

79
Q

What structures are in the inner ear?

A

Cochlea, Semi-circular canals, eustachian/auditory tube, and vestibulocochlear nerve (8)

80
Q

What is the purpose of the eustachian/auditory tube?

A

Connect middle ear to pharynx
Relieves air pressure in ear

81
Q

What are the passageways from the inner ear to the temporal lobe called?

A

Bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

82
Q

Define stereocilia

A

Hair cells which stimulate ion channels to open

83
Q

Stereocilia are bathed in ______

A

potassium

84
Q

When the cochlear membrane moves, it causes

A

Stereocilia to open ion channels, which depolarizes and releases neurotransmitters

85
Q

Semicircular canals contain _______ which alert the body of orientation

A

crista ampullaries (gelatinous membranes around hair cells)

86
Q

Equilibrium is maintained by messages through the ______ nerve from the ear to the ________

A

Vestibulocochlear
Cerebellum and pons

87
Q

Define conjuctiva

A

Sensitive and vascular mucous membrane that lines eyelid and eyeball

88
Q

Define lacrimal apparatus

A

Produces tears which wash away foreign particles

89
Q

What are the layers of the eye from outer to inner?

A

Fibrous
Vascular
Sensory

90
Q

What does the fibrous layer of the eye contain?

A

Sclera and cornea

91
Q

What does the vascular layer of the eye contain?

A

Choroid, cilliary body, iris

92
Q

What does the sensory layer of the eye contain

A

Retina and optic nerve

93
Q

Visual input from the eyes is perceived in the _____ lobe

A

Occipital

94
Q

What are the 2 humors of the eye and where are they located?

A

Aqueous (between cornea and lens)
Vitreous (between lens and retina)

95
Q

What are the 4 optical components? What do they all have in common?

A

Cornea
Aqueous humor
Lens
Vitreous humor

All are transparent and focus light on retina

96
Q

Define emmetropia

A

Ability to focus easily on distant objects because of parallel light waves

97
Q

Define hyperopia

A

Farsighted

98
Q

Define myopia

A

Nearsighted

99
Q

What happens when looking at a nearby object?

A

Convergence of eyes
Constriction of pupil
Change of lens shape

Bio201 (12 decks)

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