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Bio201 > Unit 6: ANS and Somatic Sensory Division > Flashcards

Unit 6: ANS and Somatic Sensory Division Flashcards

1
Q

The ANS controls which structures?

A

Glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

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2
Q

Describe a visceral reflex arc and give an example

A

Imbalance or sensation detected within the body (organs), afferent neurons send message to spinal cord/brain where information is integrated, efferent neurons send message to effector in response

Example: vomiting, swallowing, contracting walls of hollow organs, dilation of pupil

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3
Q

What is the difference between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

A

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for physical activity - “fight or flight”

The sympathetic nervous system calms the body and allows for rest - “rest and digest”

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4
Q

What is the difference between somatic and autonomic pathways

A

Somatic NS controls voluntary movements involving skeletal muscle
Autonomic NS controls involuntary movements involving smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

Somatic NS detects sensory stimuli (smell, taste, touch, etc.)
Autonomic NS detects sensory stimuli within (change in blood pressure, pH, etc.)

Somatic NS always causes excitatory response (acetylcholine)
Autonomic NS can be excitatory or inhibitory (acetylcholine or norepinephrine)

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5
Q

How many neurons are involved in the ANS neural pathways? What are they called?

A

2 neurons
Preganglionic and Postganglionic

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6
Q

Where are the ganglia located in the ANS neural pathways?

A

Central neuron between pre and post neurons

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7
Q

Where do preganglionic cells originate in the sympathetic NS?

A

Thoracolumbar (T1 - L2)

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8
Q

Where do preganglionic cells originate in the parasympathetic NS?

A

Brain stem or sacrum

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9
Q

Sympathetic NS has a variety of pathways which allow for

A

Convergence and Divergence = Widespread effect

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10
Q

The Sympathetic NS ganglion is called the

A

sympathetic chain ganglia

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11
Q

The Parasympathetic NS has long neurons which allow for _________

A

targeted effects

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12
Q

The terminal ganglia are located _________ in the Parasympathetic NS because

A

At the effector because the post ganglionic neuron is very short

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13
Q

What is the enteric NS

A

Digestive tract’s nervous system

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14
Q

Describe the Enteric NS

A

Neurons line the walls of the GI tract
Has own reflex arc (is not involved w/ CNS)
Regulates the secretions and movement of muscles in the viscera

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15
Q

What neurons in the ANS are cholinergic?

A

Nicotinic
At synapse between pre AND post neurons in parasympathetic AND sympathetic NS

Muscarinic
On all parasympathetic NS target cells and some sympathetic NS target cells

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16
Q

Define cholinergic

A

Release acetylcholine (ACh)

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17
Q

Define adrenergic

A

Release norepinephrine

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18
Q

What neurons are adrenergic and where do they originate?

A

Adrenergic
Sympathetic NS target cells

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19
Q

Nicotinic receptors are

A

Excitatory

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20
Q

Muscarinic receptors are

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

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21
Q

Adrenergic receptors are

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

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22
Q

Define dual innervation

A

Means an organ gets input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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23
Q

What is an example of how the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems can be antagonistic

A

When the sympathetic NS raises the heart rate, the parasympathetic NS works to make sure the heart rate does not increase too much

SNS dilates pupil and PSNS constricts pupil/ brings back to normal

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24
Q

What is an example of how the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems can be cooperative

A

Reproductive and urinary systems effected cooperatively by SNS and PSNS

Erection of penis is due to vasodilation from parasympathetic NS stimulation

Ejaculation is due to stimulation through sympathetic nerves

Urge to urinate is promoted by constriction of bladder (PSNS) and encouraged by SNS which increases tone of the bladder muscles

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25
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the cardiovascular system
Increase heart rate Increase BP Vasoconstriction of vessels
26
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the cardiovascular system
Decrease heart rate Decrease BP
27
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the respiratory system
Increase ventilation rate Dilate bronchi
28
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the respiratory system
Decrease ventilation rate Constrict bronchi
29
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the nervous system
Dilate pupils
30
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the nervous system
Constrict pupils
31
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect blood nutrient levels?
Increase glucose Increase fatty acids
32
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the endocrine system
Secretes adrenaline Lowers insulin levels
33
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the endocrine system
Increase insulin levels
34
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the digestive system
Decrease peristalsis Decrease salivation Contract sphincters Decrease enzyme secretions
35
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the digestive system
Increase peristalsis Increase salivation Relax sphincters Increase enzyme secretions
36
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the urinary system
Relax the bladder
37
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the urinary system
Contract (empty) bladder
38
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the cutaneous tissues
Contract arrector pili Increase sweat production
39
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the cutaneous tissues
Decrease sweat gland secretion
40
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the reproductive system
Ejaculation
41
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the reproductive system
Erection
42
What are transducers and what do they do?
Sensory receptors which convert stimuli to electrochemical activity
43
What are the 3 ways sensory receptors are classified?
By modality (form) By origin of stimuli By distribution
44
Give examples of Modality sensory receptors
Chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors
45
Give examples of origins for stimuli for sensory receptors
Interoreceptor (within) Proprioceptor (position/ movement of body) Exteroce[tpr (external)
46
What are the 2 types of distribution for sensory receptors
General/Somesthetic (widely distributed) Special senses (taste, sight, touch, hearing, smell)
47
How many neurons are involved in the Somesthetic (general) sense pathways? What are they called?
3 neurons First order neuron Second order neuron Third order neuron
48
What is the job of a first order neuron? Where is it located in the head? In the rest of the body?
Afferent = detect stimuli Head = Cranial nerves to pons & medulla Body = Spinal nerves to dorsal horn of spinal cord
49
Touch, pressure, and proprioception are delivered on _____, ______, and ______ axons
Fast, large, and myelinated
50
Temperature reception is delivered on _______, _______, and _______ axons
small, slow, and unmyelinated
51
What is the job of a second order neuron? Where does this message end?
Transmit message to opposite side of the medulla or spinal cord Ends in thalamus
52
What is the job of a third order neuron? Where does this path end?
Extends from thalamus to the primary somesthetic cortex of the parietal lobe
53
Where is the primary somesthetic cortex
Parietal lobe
54
Somatic pain comes from
Surface (skin, muscle, joints)
55
Visceral pain comes from
Within (stretch of organs, chemical irritants, damage, etc.)
56
Describe fast pain and how fast does it travel?
Sharp, local, stabbing pain Travels at 30 m/s along myelinated fibers
57
Describe slow pain and how fast does it travel?
Dull, long-lasting, diffused pain Travels at 2 m/s along unmyelinated fibers
58
Nociceptors are found everywhere except
The brain
59
What are nociceptors
Pain receptors
60
What are the 5 primary taste sensations?
Sweet, sour, bitter, umami, salty
61
What stimulates the sweet taste? How?
Sugars/glucose Bind to receptors
62
What triggers the bitter taste? How?
Alkaloids Bind to receptors
63
What triggers the umami taste? How?
Glutamates Bind to receptors
64
What triggers the sour taste? How?
Acids Depolarize cells directly
65
What triggers the salty taste? How?
Sodium Depolarize cells directly
66
Which cranial nerves innervate taste buds?
Facial (7), Glossopharyngeal (9), Vagus (10)
67
Where is taste perceived in the cerebrum?
Postcentral gyri
68
What is found within the olfactory foramina?
Olfactory nerves
69
The cribriform plate is found on the __________ bone and contains olfactory foramina
Ethmoid
70
Olfactory sensors adapt _______
Quickly
71
How long do olfactory neuron survive for?
60 days
72
What is the olfactory mucosa?
Made up of receptor cells which have 20 cilia
73
Define pinna and its function
AKA auricle Directs air vibrations down external auditory meatus
74
Describe how sound waves travel through the ear to be processed by the brain
Sound waves enter at pinna and are directed down external auditory meatus Tympanic membrane vibrates Auditory ossicles vibrate Cochlear membrane vibrates which activates hair cells, ion channels open to depolarize Sound perceived by primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe
75
Where is the primary auditory cortex?
Temporal lobe
76
What are the 3 regions of the ear?
External, middle, and inner
77
What structures are in the outer ear?
Auricle, tympanic membrane
78
What structures are in the middle ear?
Auditory ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes)
79
What structures are in the inner ear?
Cochlea, Semi-circular canals, eustachian/auditory tube, and vestibulocochlear nerve (8)
80
What is the purpose of the eustachian/auditory tube?
Connect middle ear to pharynx Relieves air pressure in ear
81
What are the passageways from the inner ear to the temporal lobe called?
Bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth
82
Define stereocilia
Hair cells which stimulate ion channels to open
83
Stereocilia are bathed in ______
potassium
84
When the cochlear membrane moves, it causes
Stereocilia to open ion channels, which depolarizes and releases neurotransmitters
85
Semicircular canals contain _______ which alert the body of orientation
crista ampullaries (gelatinous membranes around hair cells)
86
Equilibrium is maintained by messages through the ______ nerve from the ear to the ________
Vestibulocochlear Cerebellum and pons
87
Define conjuctiva
Sensitive and vascular mucous membrane that lines eyelid and eyeball
88
Define lacrimal apparatus
Produces tears which wash away foreign particles
89
What are the layers of the eye from outer to inner?
Fibrous Vascular Sensory
90
What does the fibrous layer of the eye contain?
Sclera and cornea
91
What does the vascular layer of the eye contain?
Choroid, cilliary body, iris
92
What does the sensory layer of the eye contain
Retina and optic nerve
93
Visual input from the eyes is perceived in the _____ lobe
Occipital
94
What are the 2 humors of the eye and where are they located?
Aqueous (between cornea and lens) Vitreous (between lens and retina)
95
What are the 4 optical components? What do they all have in common?
Cornea Aqueous humor Lens Vitreous humor All are transparent and focus light on retina
96
Define emmetropia
Ability to focus easily on distant objects because of parallel light waves
97
Define hyperopia
Farsighted
98
Define myopia
Nearsighted
99
What happens when looking at a nearby object?
Convergence of eyes Constriction of pupil Change of lens shape

Bio201 (12 decks)

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