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Bio201 > Unit 5: Central Nervous System and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Unit 5: Central Nervous System and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cranial meninges

A

Protective layers between the skull and brain

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2
Q

Define Dura mater

A

Outermost, tough membrane closest to periosteum of skull

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3
Q

Define Arachnoid mater

A

“Spiderweb” filamentous layer

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4
Q

Define Pia mater

A

Thin vascular layer attached to brain surface

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5
Q

Define subarachnoid space

A

Space between arachnoid mater and pia mater containing CSF

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6
Q

Define choroid plexuses

A

Capillaries where fluid flows from blood into the brain ventricles to form CSF

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7
Q

Define Arachnoid villi

A

Area where CSF is absorbed into the blood

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8
Q

Name the layers of the cranial meninges in order

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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9
Q

Define rostral

A

Toward the forehead

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10
Q

Define caudal

A

Toward the spinal cord

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11
Q

Name the 4 major parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brainstem

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12
Q

Define gyri

A

Folds/ridges of the cerebrum

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13
Q

Define sulci

A

Grooves of the cerebrum which allow for more surface area

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14
Q

Define cortex

A

Surface layer of gray matter

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15
Q

Define ganglia

A

Deep masses of gray matter

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16
Q

Define gray matter

A

unmyelinated dendrites and cell bodies

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17
Q

Define tracts

A

bundles of myelinated axons

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18
Q

Define white matter

A

myelinated axons

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19
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain

A

Frontal lobes
Parietal lobes
Temporal lobes
Occipital lobes

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20
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobes

A

Voluntary motor output
Planning, mood, social judgement, and smell

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21
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobes

A

Sensory input

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22
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobes

A

Hearing, smell
Memory, learning, and emotion

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23
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobes

A

Process visual input from eyes

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24
Q

What are the parts of the encephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland

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25
Q

What is the function of the thalamus

A

Receives and integrates all sensory info (except smell) and “relays” info to the appropriate area of the brain

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26
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

Controls hormone secretion, autonomic nervous system, thermoregulation, hunger and satiety, pineal gland (sleep), long term memory, and emotional behavior

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27
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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28
Q

Define midbrain

A

Contains cerebral aqueduct to connect 3rd and 4th ventricle
Corpora quadrigemina controls visual and auditory reflex
Fiber tracts (white matter) ascending (input) and descending (output)

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29
Q

Define cerebral aqueduct

A

Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

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30
Q

Define corpora quadrigemina

A

Ascending and descending white matter tracts which carry visual and auditory reflex info

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31
Q

Define pons

A

Bulging path to the cerebellum with ascending and descending white matter tracts
Integrates sleep, hearing, balance, taste, eye mvmt., facial expression and sensation, respiration, swallowing, and B&B control

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32
Q

Define medulla oblongata

A

Ascending and descending white matter tracts
Contains cardiac center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center

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33
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum

A

Controls smooth and coordinated movements (balance, equilibrium)

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34
Q

Define cranial ventricles

A

Internal chambers within the CNS containing CSF

35
Q

Name the ventricles of the CNS

A

Lateral
Third
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth
Central Canal

36
Q

Where is the lateral ventricle

A

Insides the cerebral hemispheres

37
Q

Where is the third ventricle

A

Vertical space under corpus callosum

38
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct

A

Runs through midbrain

39
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle

A

Small chamber between pons and cerebellum

40
Q

Where is the central canal

A

Runs down through the spinal cord

41
Q

What type of cell creates CSF

A

Ependymal cells

42
Q

What is the function of Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Buoyancy
Protection
Chemical stability

43
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend from

A

Foramen magnum to L1

44
Q

Define cauda equina

A

Nerves running from L2 to S5

45
Q

Define medullary cone

A

tapered end of the spinal cord

46
Q

How many spinal nerves are there

47
Q

The spinal cord is the _NS

48
Q

The spinal nerves are _NS

49
Q

Spinal nerves are ____ nerves

50
Q

What are the function of the spinal cord and nerves

A

Conduction
Locomotion
Reflexes

51
Q

The outside of the spinal cord is _____- matter and the inside is ______ matter

A

White matter
Gray matter

52
Q

What does the dorsal horn of the inner gray matter contain

A

Cell bodies of interneurons

53
Q

What does the ventral horn of the inner gray matter contain

A

Cell bodies of motor neurons

54
Q

Spinal nerves have _______ and ________ roots

A

dorsal (sensory input) and ventral (motor output) roots

55
Q

What is the dorsal root for

A

sensory input

56
Q

What is the ventral root for

A

motor output

57
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion

A

Bump with sensory nerve cell bodies

58
Q

Define endoneurium

A

Connective tissue around each axon

59
Q

Define perineurium

A

Connective tissue around fascicles

60
Q

Define epineurium

A

Tough fibrous sheath around entire nerve

61
Q

How many cranial nerves are there

62
Q

Define reflex

A

Rapid, predictable, involuntary response to stimuli

63
Q

What are autonomic reflexes

A

Regulate smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

64
Q

What are somatic reflexes

A

Stimulate skeletal muscle

65
Q

What is a cerebral aneurysm, its risk groups, and symptoms

A

Weak spot in arterial walls which can rupture

Smoking, HTN, over 40 yrs, women, and genes

Asymptomatic until it grows or ruptures, which can lead to vision issues, pain, and numbness

66
Q

What is a stroke, the types of strokes, its risk groups, and symptoms

A

Blood flow to the brain stops

Hemorrhagic = broken vessel
Ischemic = blocked with clot

Prior stroke, HTN, heart disease, diabetes, smoking

Sudden vision loss, confusion, headache, slurred speech, numbness, and imbalance

67
Q

What is a subdural hematoma, its risk groups, and symptoms

A

Damage to the veins below the dura which causes pressure on the brain/skull

Head injury, repeated falls, alcoholism, and blood thinners

Confusion, loss of vision, seizures, nausea, headaches, and less coordination

68
Q

Define bell’s palsy, its risk groups, and symptoms

A

Inflammation of the facial nerve (# 7)

Women, diabetes, cold/flu/infection

Facial asymmetry and paralysis, muscle weakness, drooling, tearing, and loss of taste

69
Q

Define carpal tunnel syndrome, its risk groups, and symptoms

A

Compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel

Assembly workers, wrist injuries, arthritis, and small carpal tunnel

Numb and tingling fingers and hands

70
Q

What did we learn from Phineas Gage’s incident?

A

Different parts of the cerebral cortex control different parts of personality

71
Q

Pneumonic for cranial nerves in order

A

On occasion our trusty truck acts funny, very good vehicle any how

72
Q

Pneumonic for cranial nerve types in order

A

Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more

73
Q

Function of cranial nerve 1

A

Olfactory
Sensory
Senses smell

74
Q

Functions of cranial nerve 2

A

Optic
Sensory
Visual input

75
Q

Function of cranial nerve 3

A

Ophthalmic
Motor
Moves eyeball muscles

76
Q

Function of cranial nerve 4

A

Trochlear
Motor
Moves eyeball muscles

77
Q

Functions of cranial nerve 5

A

Trigeminal
Both
Sense face and mouth
Move mouth (chewing)

78
Q

Function of cranial nerve 6

A

Abducens
Motor
Moves eyeball muscle

79
Q

Functions of cranial nerve 7

A

Facial
Both
Sense taste
Move facial expressions

80
Q

Function of cranial nerve 8

A

Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
Hearing

81
Q

Functions of cranial nerve 9

A

Glossopharyngeal
Both
Sense taste
Move pharyngeal muscles (throat)

82
Q

Functions of cranial nerve 10

A

Vagus
Both
Sense and regulate internal organs

83
Q

Functions of cranial nerve 11

A

Accessory
Motor
Move sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

84
Q

Functions of cranial nerve 12

A

Hypoglossal
Motor
Move tongue muscles

Bio201 (12 decks)

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