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Bio201 > Unit 4: Muscular System Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Unit 4: Muscular System Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What causes rigor mortis?

A

After death, calcium diffuses everywhere and triggers contractions, forming cross-bridges which run out of ATP to break resulting in frozen muscles

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2
Q

Why does rigor mortis wear off?

A

Muscle proteins begin to break down (myosin, actin)

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3
Q

The amount of ______ generated depends on the _____ of the muscle

A

Tension
Length

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4
Q

Overly contracted muscles are when

A

Thick filaments are too close to the Z discs, causing a weak result

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5
Q

Overly stretched muscles are when

A

There is too little overlap, meaning cross-bridges cannot form and there is a weak result

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6
Q

The greatest force of contraction happens

A

At optimum resting length

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7
Q

What is a muscle twitch

A

brief stimulus at the threshold voltage produces 1 quick contraction and relaxation

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8
Q

What are the phases of a muscle twitch

A

Latent
Contraction
Relaxation

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9
Q

Define MMU and how it affects intensity/strength

A

Multiple Motor Unit Summation
More motor units = more fibers contract = more intensity

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10
Q

Define Wave Summation and how it affects intensity/strength

A

Muscles are rapidly stimulated without time to relax in between
Calcium builds up in sarcoplasm

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11
Q

Define isometric muscle contraction

A

Length of muscle stays the same while tension develops

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12
Q

Define isotonic muscle contraction

A

Tension on muscle stays the same without length change

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of ATP sources

A

Anaerobic fermentation
Aerobic respiration

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14
Q

Which ATP source creates more ATP?

A

Aerobic

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15
Q

Anaerobic fermentation requires _______ and produces ______

A

No oxygen
Lactic acid

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16
Q

Aerobic respiration requires ______ and produces ______

A

Continuous oxygen
H2O and CO2

17
Q

Where does the first immediate energy come from?

A

Phosphagen System

18
Q

What is the phosphagen system?

A

ATP is formed by transferring phosphate from another molecule (ADP or creatine phosphate) to ADP

19
Q

What takes over creating ATP after the phosphagen system?

A

Anaerobic fermentation produces ATP from glycogen-lactic acid system and glucose from blood

20
Q

What energy system is used for long-term energy?

A

Aerobic respiration

21
Q

What allows aerobic respiration to take place?

A

Increased cardiovascular and respiratory activity drawing in more O2

22
Q

What limits aerobic respiration?

A

Loss of electrolytes and fluids
Loss of glycogen and blood glucose

23
Q

What causes muscle fatigue?

A

Less oxygen means more inefficient anaerobic respiration
Less ATP available as glycogen depletes
Less electricity as Na-K pumps shut down
Loss of electrolytes (like calcium)

24
Q

Define oxygen debt

A

The need to breathe heavily to replace O2 reserves and glucose after exercise

25
Q

The speed of a contraction depends on

A

How fast myosin ATPase can split ATP and the electrical activity of neurons

26
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

Slow oxidative
Fast oxidative
Fast glycolytic

27
Q

Describe slow oxidative tissue (color, ATP source, speed)

A

More red myoglobin
Aerobic respiration (Stored O2)
Best for endurance, fatigue-resistant

28
Q

Describe fast oxidative tissue (color, ATP source, speed)

A

Red myoglobin, less dark
Mostly aerobic, some anaerobic
Faster energy but less fatigue-resistant

29
Q

Describe fast glycolytic tissue (color, ATP source, speed)

A

White color with no myoglobin
Anaerobic respiration
Best for short, intense movement but fatigues fast

30
Q

Describe Myasthenia Gravis, its risk groups, and symptoms

A

Autoimmune disorder which causes antibodies to block ACh receptors, which blocks communication with muscle cells

Thymus tumor, younger women, older men

Trouble moving face and eye muscles
Muscles weaken with activity and strengthen with rest

31
Q

Describe Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, its risk groups, and symptoms

A

X-linked disorder which affects gene that makes protein dystrophin so muscle fibers cannot anchor

Genetic, mostly passed from mother to son

Fatigue, learning disabilities, rapidly weakening muscles

32
Q

Describe Botulinim Toxin

A

Toxic bacteria from contaminated food which prevents the release of ACh, resulting in paralysis

Bio201 (12 decks)

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