Unit 1: Integumentary System Flashcards
Define stratum
Layers of the epidermis
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
What are the layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
The epidermis is made of what cells
Stratified squamous epithelium
The dermis is what kind of tissue
Connective tissue
What are the functions of skin?
Protection
Vitamin D synthesis
Excretion
Sensation
Waterproof barrier
Thermoregulation
Psychological/Social functions
What does the skin protect against
Abrasions, invasion, water loss, and UV damage
What is a keratinocyte
Cell that makes vitamin D from UV light, which increases calcium absorption for healthy skeleton
What type of receptors are in the skin
Temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, and pain
What makes the skin waterproof
Sebaceous glands and overlapping keratinocytes
Cut
Skin
Derm
Skin
Epi
On top of
Sub
Below
Kerat
Hardened
Follic
Sac
Thermo
Temperature
Strata
Layers
Melan
To darken
How often is the skin completely turned over
Every 45 days
Describe the stratum basale (type of cells, shape, location, function)
Deepest layer
One layer of cuboidal cells
Keratinocytes - produce keratin proteins, undergo mitosis to replace epidermis
Melanocytes - synthesize melanin, picked up by keratinocytes and shade against UV rays
Tactile cells - touch receptors
Describe the stratum spinosum (type of cells, location, function)
Several layers thick
Keratinocytes- desmosomes connect cells and appear “spiny” as it compresses
Dendritic cells - macrophages migrate to epidermis and protect against pathogens
Describe the stratum granulosum (type of cells, location, function)
Cells are dead/dying, nucleus and organelles break down
Flattened keratinocytes - contain keratinohyalin granules which become keratin
Produce lipid-filled vesicles with glycolipids to waterproof skin, which cuts off nutrient supply
Describe the stratum lucidum (type of cells, location, function)
Thin, translucent layer only found in thick skin (palms and soles of feet)
Cells are dead
Describe the stratum corneum (type of cells, location, function)
Many layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells
Provide protection and water retention
Exfoliate off
What creates the red color in red blood cells
Hemoglobin
What creates the yellow pigment in vegetables and egg yolks
Carotene
What creates the yellow, brown, black, and reddish hues in skin
Melanin
What is the dermis made up of
Fibrous connective tissue, collagen and elastin, fibroblasts, hair follicles, glands
What is the upper layer of the dermis called
Papillary dermis
What is the deep layer of the dermis called
Reticular dermis
Which layer of dermis is the thickest
Reticular
What are dermal papillae
Finger-like projections which protrude into the epidermis and create ridges, like the fingerprint
The papillary layer contains
Papillae, blood vessels, and touch/pain receptors
The reticular layer contains
Sweat and oil glands, pressure receptors, blood vessels, and collagen and elastin
Hypodermis is also known as
Subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia
Function of hypodermis
Has more adipose
Energy reservoir and thermal insulation
What are the 3 skin appendages
Hair, nails, and glands
What is hair made of
Hardened keratin from stratum corneum
What is the shaft of the hair
The fully keratanized and visible portion of hair above the skin
What is the root of the hair
Hair within the follicle which is not fully keratinized
What is the hair follicle and what are it’s components
A sack in the skin
Has the bulb in base, where hair originates from mitosis
Dermal papillae in bulb provides nutrients
Cells interlock with cuticle to resist pulling on hair
Arrector pili muscles
Receptors
Sebaceous glands
What are the layers of a hair
Medulla - airy middle core
Cortex - layer that surrounds medulla
Cuticle - outer layer of heavily keratinized cells, arranged like overlapping roof tiles
Function of hair
Sensation
Communication
Barrier
Thermoregulation
What are nails
Clear, hardened derivative of stratum corneum (hard keratin) which protects the sensitive fingertips
What are the types of glands in the skin
Sweat glands (apocrine and eccrine)
Sebaceous glands
Ceruminous glands
Mammary glands
What comes out of the sweat glands
Filtrate of plasma and waste products
Creates acid mantle with lactic acid
Function and location of eccrine glands
Cool body, odorless, all over body
Function and location of apocrine glands
Sweat with fatty acids, which support bacteria and create odor
Found only near hair follicles and respond to stress and sexual arousal
What is the function of sebaceous glands
Secrete oily sebum which is antibacterial, creates waterproof barrier, and makes the skin and hair pliable
Other types of apocrine glands include
Ceruminous glands
Create earwax to waterproof, lubricate, and protect ear from mites and pests
Mammary glands
Create milk (thick secretion) which is released by ducts on the nipple
What are the types of homeostatic imbalances in the skin
Infections
Allergies
Autoimmune disorders
Burns
Examples of bacterial infections
Boils, impetigo
Examples of fungal infections
Athletes foot, ringworm
Examples of viral infections
Herpes, cold sores, chicken pox, measles
What is an autoimmune disorder
When the immune system attacks it’s own body
Example of autoimmune disorders
Psoriasis
Example of allergic responses
Contract dermatitis
Poison ivy
Describe 1st degree burns
Only affect epidermis
Appear red and swollen
Describe 2nd degree burns
Affect epidermis and upper dermis
Appear red, painful, and blistery
Describe 3rd degree burns
Destroys the epidermis and full dermis
Skin cannot regenerate, can only create scar tissue or be treated with skin grafts
