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Bio201 > Unit 5: Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Unit 5: Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the nervous system and example

A

Receive info (receptors)
Visual, taste, touch, etc. sensing

Process info (integrators)
Decision making (feel rain, decide to go back for umbrella)

Initiate response (effectors)
Act on decision (muscle contracts to walk, muscle squeezes saliva from gland)

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2
Q

Define CNS and what it contains

A

Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Define PNS and what it contains

A

Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves and Ganglion

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4
Q

Define nerve

A

Bundle of neuronal axons surrounded by connective tissue

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5
Q

Define cranial nerve

A

Nerve branching from brain

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6
Q

Define spinal nerve

A

Nerve branching from spinal cord

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7
Q

Define ganglion

A

Collection of cell bodies in nerve

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8
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the PNS

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)

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9
Q

Define afferent division and what it entails

A

Sensory division of PNS
Visceral sensory - from within
Somatic sensory - from surface

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10
Q

Define efferent division and what it entails

A

Motor division of PNS
-Autonomic nervous system AKA visceral motor
Effectors include cardiac and smooth muscles, glands
Sympathetic - “fight or flight”
Parasympathetic - “rest and digest”
-Somatic motor = skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Neuro

A

nervous system

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12
Q

affer

A

go in

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13
Q

effer

A

exit

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14
Q

somatic

A

surface

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15
Q

visceral

A

deep within

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16
Q

glia

A

support

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17
Q

dendr

A

branch

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18
Q

astro

A

star

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19
Q

myelin

A

fatty insulator

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20
Q

What are the main cells in the nervous system

A

Neurons
Glia

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21
Q

What is the function of a neuron

A

“do-er”
responds to stimuli w/ electrical activity and by releasing neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Name a few neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
Amino acids (glutamate, glycine, GABA)
Monoamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin)

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23
Q

What is the function of a glial cell

A

Supports neurons

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24
Q

What are the glial cells in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal
Microglia

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25
Q

What are the glial cells in the PNS

A

Schwann
Satellite

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26
Q

Describe an oligodendrocyte

A

Forms myelin sheaths to insulate action potentials to many neuronal axons

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27
Q

Describe an astrocyte

A

Provide BBB (blood brain barrier) which protects CNS from pathogens, toxins, etc.

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28
Q

Define BBB

A

Blood brain barrier

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29
Q

Describe an ependymal cell

A

Lines cavities, produces CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), and moves CSF with cilia thru CNS

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30
Q

Describe a microglia

A

Specialized phagocyte WBC which cleans away debris and pathogens, typically in damaged areas

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31
Q

Define phagocyte

A

WBC “eater”

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32
Q

Describe a schwann cell

A

Insulates actions potentials with myelin fibers in PNS
(Similar to oligodendrocyte)

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33
Q

Describe a satellite cell

A

Surrounds neuron cell bodies in PNS
(similar to astrocytes)

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34
Q

What are the types of neurons (by function)

A

Sensory (afferent)
Interneurons (association)
Motor (efferent)

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35
Q

What do sensory (afferent) neurons do

A

send messages to CNS

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36
Q

What do interneurons do

A

“think”
process information

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37
Q

What do motor (efferent) neurons do

A

carry message out of CNS to the effector

38
Q

What are the types of neurons (structural)

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

39
Q

Describe a multipolar neuron

A

Neuron with 1 axon and many dendrites
(typically motor and interneurons)

40
Q

Describe a bipolar neuron

A

Neuron with 1 axon and 1 dendrite
(typically sensory)

41
Q

Describe a unipolar neuron

A

Neuron with 1 axon and no dendrites
(sensory in the PNS)

42
Q

Define cell body

A

AKA soma
body which contains typical cell contents (nucleus, cytoplasm, DNA, etc.)

43
Q

Define dendrite

A

Branching extension which receive messages

44
Q

Define axon and its features

A

Carries electrochemical message (AKA action potential)
Axon terminal - end of axon
Synaptic vesicles - contain neurotransmitters

45
Q

Define myelin sheath

A

Fatty covering of an axon (oligodendrocytes and schwann cells)

46
Q

Define Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between myelin sheaths where axon is exposed

47
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of a neuron

A

Excitability
Conductivity
Secretion
Amitotic
Longevity

48
Q

How is a neuron excitable

A

Responds to stimuli

49
Q

How is a neuron conductive

A

Spreads action potential

50
Q

What do neurons secrete

A

Neurotransmitters from the axon terminal

51
Q

Define amitotic

A

Cell cannot regenerate

52
Q

How do neurons have longevity

A

Can function for 100+ years (in good health)

53
Q

Where is the trigger zone

A

The axon hillock and the area before the first myelin sheath

54
Q

Define voltage

A

Measure of potential energy generated by separate charges

55
Q

A larger difference between charges at 2 points means

A

Higher voltage

56
Q

Define current

A

Flow of charged particles (ions)

57
Q

Define resistance

A

Substance that hinders flow of current

58
Q

Myelin sheaths act as

A

Insulators

59
Q

Electrical potential is

A

the difference in concentration of charged particles (ions)

60
Q

Resting membrane potential is _____ mV

A

~ 70 mV

61
Q

_____ are typically outside the cell and ______ and _____ are inside

A

Na (sodium), K (potassium) and anions (negative ions)

62
Q

What causes a local potential

A

Neuron stimulated and depolarizes from Na gates opening

63
Q

Local potentials on occur along ______ and for _____ distances

A

Dendrites
short

64
Q

Local potentials get ______ as they travel

A

Weaker

65
Q

_______ potentials are reversible

A

Local

66
Q

Where do action potentials begin

A

Trigger zone

67
Q

Action potentials are ________

A

Irreversible

68
Q

Define absolute refractory period

A

VG-Na gates are open so no stimulus can trigger another AP

69
Q

Define relative refractory period

A

K gates are open so only a very strong stimulus can trigger another AP

70
Q

Which type of Action Potential propagation is fastest?

A

Myelinated

71
Q

Which type of Action Potential propagation moves the longest distance?

A

Myelinated

72
Q

Describe action potential propagation along an unmyelinated axon

A

1 segment depolarizes and opens a VG-gates Na channel in the next, causing it to depolarize and the AP travels
“Domino effect”

73
Q

Describe action potential propagation along a myelinated axon

A

“Saltatory Conduction”
AP “jumps” from node to bode because each node has many VG Na gates so more Na diffuses

74
Q

Define Saltatory Conduction

A

Myelinated AP propagation

75
Q

Define synapse

A

The connection between a neuron and its target

76
Q

Define synaptic cleft

A

Gap between terminal and dendrites

77
Q

Define presynaptic cell

A

First neuron which releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

78
Q

Define postsynaptic cell

A

2nd cell which receives neurotransmitters in receptors

79
Q

Describe enzymatic degradation

A

Enzymes destroy neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft

80
Q

Describe reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters are removed from synaptic cleft and move back into presynaptic cell

81
Q

Describe Excitatory Postsynaptic potential

A

ESPS
Postsynaptic cell is likely to fire

82
Q

Describe Inhibitory Postsynaptic potential

A

ISPS
Postsynaptic cell less likely to fire

83
Q

Define temporal summation

A

1 synapse receives many signals in a short time from one cell

84
Q

Define spatial summation

A

1 synapse receives signals from many different cells

85
Q

Define convergence

A

Many presynaptic cells talk to one postsynaptic cell

86
Q

Define divergence

A

One presynaptic cell talks to many postsynaptic cells

87
Q

Describe Multiple Sclerosis, its risk groups, and symptoms

A

Autoimmune disorder which causes demyelination (neuron signals can no longer travel far)

Mostly affects women, diagnosed between 20s-40s

Deteriorating muscle coordination and vision, numbness, and memory loss

88
Q

Describe Fibromyalgia, its risk groups, and symptoms

A

Poorly understood disease

Mostly affects middle age women

Tender points, headaches, loss of sleep and memory, and numbness in hands and feet

89
Q

Describe Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), its risk groups, and symptoms

A

Disease where increased levels of neurotransmitter glutamate causes rapid motor neuron death

Mostly affects men over 40s

Deteriorating muscle control (speaking, writing, walking, etc.)

90
Q

Describe Cerebral Palsy (CP), its risk groups, and symptoms

A

Congenital condition in which part of brain which controls muscle movement is developed improperly in womb

Less muscle control, slower to meet developmental milestones (smiling, crawling, walking, etc.)

91
Q

Describe Spina Bifida

A

Defect in fetus where spinal cord covering is not formed properly in 1st trimester

Higher risk if mother has diabetes or is obese

Bowel and bladder control issues, can cause leg paralysis

92
Q

Difference between CNS and PNS

A

CNS receives sensory info and integrates it

PNS sends sensory info to CNS and sends messages from CNS to the effectors

Bio201 (12 decks)

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