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Bio201 > Unit 5: Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Unit 5: Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the nervous system and example

A

Receive info (receptors)
Visual, taste, touch, etc. sensing

Process info (integrators)
Decision making (feel rain, decide to go back for umbrella)

Initiate response (effectors)
Act on decision (muscle contracts to walk, muscle squeezes saliva from gland)

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2
Q

Define CNS and what it contains

A

Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Define PNS and what it contains

A

Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves and Ganglion

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4
Q

Define nerve

A

Bundle of neuronal axons surrounded by connective tissue

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5
Q

Define cranial nerve

A

Nerve branching from brain

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6
Q

Define spinal nerve

A

Nerve branching from spinal cord

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7
Q

Define ganglion

A

Collection of cell bodies in nerve

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8
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the PNS

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)

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9
Q

Define afferent division and what it entails

A

Sensory division of PNS
Visceral sensory - from within
Somatic sensory - from surface

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10
Q

Define efferent division and what it entails

A

Motor division of PNS
-Autonomic nervous system AKA visceral motor
Effectors include cardiac and smooth muscles, glands
Sympathetic - “fight or flight”
Parasympathetic - “rest and digest”
-Somatic motor = skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Neuro

A

nervous system

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12
Q

affer

A

go in

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13
Q

effer

A

exit

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14
Q

somatic

A

surface

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15
Q

visceral

A

deep within

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16
Q

glia

A

support

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17
Q

dendr

A

branch

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18
Q

astro

A

star

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19
Q

myelin

A

fatty insulator

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20
Q

What are the main cells in the nervous system

A

Neurons
Glia

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21
Q

What is the function of a neuron

A

“do-er”
responds to stimuli w/ electrical activity and by releasing neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Name a few neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
Amino acids (glutamate, glycine, GABA)
Monoamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin)

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23
Q

What is the function of a glial cell

A

Supports neurons

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24
Q

What are the glial cells in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal
Microglia

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25
What are the glial cells in the PNS
Schwann Satellite
26
Describe an oligodendrocyte
Forms myelin sheaths to insulate action potentials to many neuronal axons
27
Describe an astrocyte
Provide BBB (blood brain barrier) which protects CNS from pathogens, toxins, etc.
28
Define BBB
Blood brain barrier
29
Describe an ependymal cell
Lines cavities, produces CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), and moves CSF with cilia thru CNS
30
Describe a microglia
Specialized phagocyte WBC which cleans away debris and pathogens, typically in damaged areas
31
Define phagocyte
WBC "eater"
32
Describe a schwann cell
Insulates actions potentials with myelin fibers in PNS (Similar to oligodendrocyte)
33
Describe a satellite cell
Surrounds neuron cell bodies in PNS (similar to astrocytes)
34
What are the types of neurons (by function)
Sensory (afferent) Interneurons (association) Motor (efferent)
35
What do sensory (afferent) neurons do
send messages to CNS
36
What do interneurons do
"think" process information
37
What do motor (efferent) neurons do
carry message out of CNS to the effector
38
What are the types of neurons (structural)
Multipolar Bipolar Unipolar
39
Describe a multipolar neuron
Neuron with 1 axon and many dendrites (typically motor and interneurons)
40
Describe a bipolar neuron
Neuron with 1 axon and 1 dendrite (typically sensory)
41
Describe a unipolar neuron
Neuron with 1 axon and no dendrites (sensory in the PNS)
42
Define cell body
AKA soma body which contains typical cell contents (nucleus, cytoplasm, DNA, etc.)
43
Define dendrite
Branching extension which receive messages
44
Define axon and its features
Carries electrochemical message (AKA action potential) Axon terminal - end of axon Synaptic vesicles - contain neurotransmitters
45
Define myelin sheath
Fatty covering of an axon (oligodendrocytes and schwann cells)
46
Define Nodes of Ranvier
Gaps between myelin sheaths where axon is exposed
47
What are the 5 characteristics of a neuron
Excitability Conductivity Secretion Amitotic Longevity
48
How is a neuron excitable
Responds to stimuli
49
How is a neuron conductive
Spreads action potential
50
What do neurons secrete
Neurotransmitters from the axon terminal
51
Define amitotic
Cell cannot regenerate
52
How do neurons have longevity
Can function for 100+ years (in good health)
53
Where is the trigger zone
The axon hillock and the area before the first myelin sheath
54
Define voltage
Measure of potential energy generated by separate charges
55
A larger difference between charges at 2 points means
Higher voltage
56
Define current
Flow of charged particles (ions)
57
Define resistance
Substance that hinders flow of current
58
Myelin sheaths act as
Insulators
59
Electrical potential is
the difference in concentration of charged particles (ions)
60
Resting membrane potential is _____ mV
~ 70 mV
61
_____ are typically outside the cell and ______ and _____ are inside
Na (sodium), K (potassium) and anions (negative ions)
62
What causes a local potential
Neuron stimulated and depolarizes from Na gates opening
63
Local potentials on occur along ______ and for _____ distances
Dendrites short
64
Local potentials get ______ as they travel
Weaker
65
_______ potentials are reversible
Local
66
Where do action potentials begin
Trigger zone
67
Action potentials are ________
Irreversible
68
Define absolute refractory period
VG-Na gates are open so no stimulus can trigger another AP
69
Define relative refractory period
K gates are open so only a very strong stimulus can trigger another AP
70
Which type of Action Potential propagation is fastest?
Myelinated
71
Which type of Action Potential propagation moves the longest distance?
Myelinated
72
Describe action potential propagation along an unmyelinated axon
1 segment depolarizes and opens a VG-gates Na channel in the next, causing it to depolarize and the AP travels "Domino effect"
73
Describe action potential propagation along a myelinated axon
"Saltatory Conduction" AP "jumps" from node to bode because each node has many VG Na gates so more Na diffuses
74
Define Saltatory Conduction
Myelinated AP propagation
75
Define synapse
The connection between a neuron and its target
76
Define synaptic cleft
Gap between terminal and dendrites
77
Define presynaptic cell
First neuron which releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
78
Define postsynaptic cell
2nd cell which receives neurotransmitters in receptors
79
Describe enzymatic degradation
Enzymes destroy neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft
80
Describe reuptake
Neurotransmitters are removed from synaptic cleft and move back into presynaptic cell
81
Describe Excitatory Postsynaptic potential
ESPS Postsynaptic cell is likely to fire
82
Describe Inhibitory Postsynaptic potential
ISPS Postsynaptic cell less likely to fire
83
Define temporal summation
1 synapse receives many signals in a short time from one cell
84
Define spatial summation
1 synapse receives signals from many different cells
85
Define convergence
Many presynaptic cells talk to one postsynaptic cell
86
Define divergence
One presynaptic cell talks to many postsynaptic cells
87
Describe Multiple Sclerosis, its risk groups, and symptoms
Autoimmune disorder which causes demyelination (neuron signals can no longer travel far) Mostly affects women, diagnosed between 20s-40s Deteriorating muscle coordination and vision, numbness, and memory loss
88
Describe Fibromyalgia, its risk groups, and symptoms
Poorly understood disease Mostly affects middle age women Tender points, headaches, loss of sleep and memory, and numbness in hands and feet
89
Describe Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), its risk groups, and symptoms
Disease where increased levels of neurotransmitter glutamate causes rapid motor neuron death Mostly affects men over 40s Deteriorating muscle control (speaking, writing, walking, etc.)
90
Describe Cerebral Palsy (CP), its risk groups, and symptoms
Congenital condition in which part of brain which controls muscle movement is developed improperly in womb Less muscle control, slower to meet developmental milestones (smiling, crawling, walking, etc.)
91
Describe Spina Bifida
Defect in fetus where spinal cord covering is not formed properly in 1st trimester Higher risk if mother has diabetes or is obese Bowel and bladder control issues, can cause leg paralysis
92
Difference between CNS and PNS
CNS receives sensory info and integrates it PNS sends sensory info to CNS and sends messages from CNS to the effectors

Bio201 (12 decks)

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