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Bio201 > Unit 2: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 2: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Skeletal System

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Blood formation
Mineral Reservoir
pH balance

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2
Q

Describe the mineral deposition process

A

-Minerals removed from blood plasma
-Minerals deposited in bone tissue
-Fibroblasts deposit collagen fibers along osteons
-Osteoblasts encrust the fibers with minerals

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3
Q

Define osteogenic tissue

A

Beginning of bone cells found in connective tissue, go through mitosis to create osteoblasts

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4
Q

Define osteoblast cell

A

Bone-producing cell which mineralizes organic matter of the matrix

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5
Q

Define osteocyte cell
Describe the significance of lacunae and canaliculi

A

Osteoblast cell trapped in a mineralized, tough matrix
Osteocytes are found in lacunae in the bone, which are connected by canaliculi so that they can communicate with eachothers and with osteoblasts/osteoclasts

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6
Q

Define lacunae

A

A “cave” in the bone where osteocytes reside

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7
Q

Define canaliculi

A

Passage between lacunae “caves” where osteocytes can send signals to other osseous cells

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8
Q

Define osteoclast cell
(where they come from, purpose, location)

A

Form of white blood cell which develops from fused stem cells
Lowers the pH to degrade bone tissue
Reside in resorption bays

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9
Q

Main 3 minerals found in bone tissue

A

Phosphate, Calcium, Bicarbonate

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10
Q

Purpose of phosphate

A

Component in DNA, RNA, ATP, and phospholipids

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11
Q

Purpose of Calcium

A

Needed for communication between neurons, muscle contractions, blood clotting, exocytosis, and more

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12
Q

Purpose of Bicarbonate

A

Regulates pH of bodily fluids

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13
Q

The ECM of bone is what portion organic and what portion inorganic?

A

1/3 organic
2/3 inorganic

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14
Q

What is the organic matter in osseous tissue?

A

Collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

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15
Q

What is the inorganic matter in osseous tissue?

A

85% hydroxyapatite
10% calcium carbonate
Fluoride, sulfate, potassium, magnesium

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16
Q

What is hydroxyapatite?

A

Crystallized calcium phosphate salt

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17
Q

Why is bone a combination of organic and inorganic matter?

A

Minerals give the bone strength to resist compression
Collagen gives the bone resilience to resist tension

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18
Q

What are the 3 hormones which regulate calcium homeostasis?

A

Calcitriol, Calcitonin, Parathyroid

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19
Q

What is Calcitriol?
How is it produced?
What is its function?

A

Vitamin D, blood borne messenger hormone

Produced by UV radiation on skin or digestion which is processed by kidney or liver

Helps intestine absorb calcium, phosphate, magnesium more
Promotes urinary resorption of calcium
Promotes osteoclast acitivty
Boosts calcium levels in blood

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20
Q

What is Calcitonin?
How is it produced?
What is its function?

A

Hormones secreted by C cells in thyroid gland

Is released when calcium levels in blood are too high

Reduces osteoclast activity
Increases osteoblast # and acitivity

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21
Q

What is Parathyroid?
How is it produced?
What is its function?

A

Hormones secreted by parathyroid gland

Is released when calcium level in blood are too low

Increases osteoclast activity
Increases calcium reabsorption and calcitriol synthesis
Decreases osteoblast activity

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22
Q

Describe the process of mineral resorption

A

Osteoclasts dissolve bone to release minerals into the blood
High acidity in space between osteoclast and bone dissolves tissue

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23
Q

Bones are ______ tissue

A

Connective

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24
Q

The 2 structures of bones are

A

Compact and spongey

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25
Q

Where is red bone marrow found?

A

Spongey bone

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26
Q

The shapes of bones are

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

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27
Q

Describe long bone shape
Example of a long bone:

A

Longer than wide with expanded ends

Humerus, radius, ulna

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28
Q

Describe short bone shape
Example of a short bone:

A

Equal length and height
Carpals, tarsals

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29
Q

Describe flat bone shape
Example of flat bone:

A

Platelike
Ribs, frontal, parietal

30
Q

Describe irregular bone shape
Example of irregular bone:

A

Wide variety of shapes
Vertebrae, coccyx, sphenoid, ethmoid

31
Q

Define epiphysis

A

Enlarged ends of a long bone
Spongey bone covered with articular cartilage and some compact bone

32
Q

Define diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone covered in periosteum
Compact bone with a marrow cavity (medullary cavity) lined with endosteum

33
Q

Define periosteum

A

Outer surface of bone

34
Q

Define endosteum

A

Inner lining of medullary cavity

35
Q

Define medullary cavity

A

Cavity within long bone where yellow bone marrow is found, is lined with endosteum

36
Q

Define epiphyseal plate/line

A

Epiphyseal plate (children) / line (adults) is where epiphysis meets diaphysis on a long bone

37
Q

Describe the appearance of flat bones

A

Covered exteriorly and interiorly by compact bone
Spongey middle layer, but no medullary cavity

38
Q

Compact bones are made of

A

Osteons

39
Q

Define osteon

A

“Bricks”
Cylinders of tissue that form layers of matrix (lamellae) arranged around central canal

40
Q

Define lamellae

A

Layers of matrix

41
Q

The central canal holds

A

Blood vessels

42
Q

Osteocytes are connected to eachother and the blood supply through

A

Canaliculi

43
Q

Define perforating canals

A

Canals which run perpendicularly to connect central canals

44
Q

Spongey bone is made of

A

Trabeculae

45
Q

Define trabeculae

A

Rods and plates of bone with spaces filled with red bone marrow

46
Q

Trabeculae always form along

A

Stress lines

47
Q

Red bone marrow is located in

A

Trabeculae in spongey bone

48
Q

Yellow bone marrow is located in

A

Medullary cavity of long bones, contain fatty adipose marrow

49
Q

Intramembranous ossification produces _____ bones found where

A

Flat
Skull and clavicle

50
Q

Endochondral ossification produces bone from

A

A cartilage model

51
Q

Define stress fracture

A

Break caused by abnormal trauma to bone

52
Q

Define pathological fracture

A

Break caused by weakness of bone due to disease

53
Q

Bone usually heal in ________ weeks

A

8-12 weeks

54
Q

Name the stages of bone repair:

A

Hematoma
Granulation tissue
Callus formation
Remodeling

55
Q

Describe the Hematoma step of bone repair

A

Broken blood vessels form a clot

56
Q

Describe the Granulation tissue step of bone repair

A

Fibrous tissue formed by fibroblasts are infiltrated by capillaries

57
Q

Describe the Callus formation step of bone repair

A

Soft callus of fibrocartilage forms, is replaced by hard callus on bone in 6 weeks

58
Q

Describe the Remodeling step of bone repair

A

Bone “overgrows” so over the next 6 month, spongey bone is replaced by compact bone

59
Q

Describe Osteoporosis and its risk factors

A

Bone loses mass and becomes brittle (most common)

Risk Groups:
Lower estrogen (menopause)
Lack of calcium and protein
Lack of Vitamin D
Lack of weight-bearing exercise
Smoking

60
Q

Describe Rickets and its risk factors

A

Lack of Vitamin D results in softness of bones in children (bowlegged)

Risk Groups:
Dietary Restrictions (lactose intolerant, vegan)
Celiac disease
Dark skin
Lack of sun
Can be genetic

61
Q

Describe Osteomalacia and its risk factors

A

Lack of Vitamin D results in muscle and bone pain in adults

Risk Groups:
Lack of sun
Lack of Vitamin D in diet
Celiac disease
Medications for seizures
Gastric Surgery
Kidney/Liver disease

62
Q

Describe Osteogenesis Imperfecta and its risk groups

A

“Brittle Bone Disease,” - inability to produce collagen
Bones fracture easily, hearing loss, and blue tint to sclera

Risk Groups:
Autosomal dominant genetic disease
Congenital (born with it)

63
Q

What hormone activates when you need more calcium in your bloodstream?

A

Parathyroid

64
Q

What hormone activates when you need less calcium in your bloodstream?

A

Calcitonin

65
Q

Define hypercalcemia and its effects

A

Too much calcium in blood stream, can cause coma and death

66
Q

Define hypocalcemia and its effects

A

Not enough calcium in blood stream, can cause muscle spasms and seizures

67
Q

What process creates flat bones and how?

A

Intramembranous Ossification

Creates osteoblasts cells from connective tissue, which gather on trabeculae. Calcium phosphate is deposited onto the matrix and creates osteocytes. Marrow spaces are made in the center of bone (spongey) and hardened compact bone forms on the outside periosteum.

68
Q

What process creates bones other than flat bones?

A

Endochondral ossification

Uses cartilage model to form bones. The cartilage model contains chondrocytes in center which create primary ossification center. Bony collar is made and chondrocytes die leaving a marrow cavity. Osteoblasts calcify on the trabeculae.

69
Q

Where are the osteogenic layers of bone?

A

Periosteum

70
Q

What different connective tissues make up the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

71
Q

What is the function of canaliculi in compact bone?

A

Supply nutrients via blood vessels, remove cellular wastes, and channels for communication between osteocyte

Bio201 (12 decks)

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