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immunology 1139 > Unit 6 Adaptive immunity to Bacteria, virus, parasite > Flashcards

Unit 6 Adaptive immunity to Bacteria, virus, parasite Flashcards

1
Q

what are T dependent anitgens

A

antigens that must be recognized by Th cells in order for immune system to be activated

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2
Q

activation of mature B cells by T dependent antigen steps

A
  1. internalization of antigen by APC
  2. Processing of antigens by APCs
  3. Presenting of antigens to Th cells by APC
  4. activation Th to produce cytokines
  5. activation of antigen specific B cells with Th cytokines
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3
Q

what does humoral immune response to antigens depend on

A

cooperation of Th, APC such as B cells

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4
Q

name the 3 APC

A

langerhans’ cells (dendritic), macrophages and B cells

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5
Q

APC express what on their cell surface

A

class II MHC

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6
Q

internalization of antigens occur via

A

phagocytosis or endocytosis

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7
Q

eg of internalization by APC

A

antigen specific IgM/IgD receptor-mediated endocytosis for B cells

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8
Q

what is antigen processing

A

the Ag is degraded into small fragments of antigenic peptides

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9
Q

location of dendritic cells

A

lymphoid tissue, connective tissue and epithelia

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10
Q

location of macrophages

A

lymphoid tissue, connective tissue and body cavity

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11
Q

location of B cells

A

lymphoid tissue, peripheral blood

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12
Q

macrophages present Ag to

A

Th1 cells

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13
Q

b cells present Ag to

A

Th2 cells

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14
Q

where does antigen processing and presentation occur

A

secondary lymphoid organs (bloodborne pathogens) and lymph nodes (pathogen invading tissue)

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15
Q

activation of resting Th lymphocytes require (2)

A
  1. antigen recognition

2. cytokine stimulation

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16
Q

what is antigen recognition for Th cells

A

Th cells through cell surface antigen receptors (TCR) recognize antigen peptide on MHC class II of APC

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17
Q

fn of cytokine stimulation for Th cells

A

resting Th cells activated by cytokines produced by APC

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18
Q

eg of cytokine stimulation

A

IL-1

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19
Q

fn of lymphokines

A

promote activation and replication of themselves or B cells

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20
Q

what produces lymphokines

A

activation of specific T h cells

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21
Q

activation of B cells require (2)

A
  1. antigen recognition

2. cytokine stimulation

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22
Q

what is antigen recognition for B cells

A

B lymphocytes through IgM/iGD receptors recognize and internalize antigens that will be presented to Th2

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23
Q

cytokine stimulation of B cells

A

locally acting cytokines (IL-4 from Th2) act early in activating Ag-specific B cell (clonal selection)

24
Q

differentiation of activated B cells

A

clone of activated Ag-specific B cells will proliferate (clonal selection and expansion) and develop into plasma or memory B cells

25
Q

plasma cells aka

A

antibody secreting or antibody forming cells

26
Q

what is clonal expansion

A

clone of B cells specific for the Ag will multiply to great numbers

27
Q

clonal expansion produces

A

mostly plasma cells and small number of memory B cells

28
Q

features of plasma cells

A

produced in greater number, surface Ig absent, short lifespan, actively secrete Ab

29
Q

features of memory b cells

A

small numbers, surface IgG/IgA present, long life span years long term immunity

30
Q

thymic independent antigens are

A

capable of activating without Th cells

31
Q

two types of TI antigens

A

TI-1 and TI-2

32
Q

TI-1 antigens can

A

activate multiple clones of immature and mature B cells leading to polyclonal activation (non specific antibody response)

33
Q

eg of TI-1 antigen

A

bacterial lipopolysaccharide

34
Q

what are B cell mitogens

A

TI-1 antigens that induce B cell to undergo mitosis

35
Q

what are TI-2 anitgens

A

large polymeric molecules with highly repetitive structures (eg epitotes)

36
Q

eg of TI-2 antigens

A

bacterial capsular polysaccharides

37
Q

TI-2 antigens can

A

crosslink B cell antigen receptor (surface Ig) on mature B cells leading to activation

38
Q

why is immune response not effective against TI-1 antigens

A

antibodies produced are non specific

39
Q

superantigens are

A

protein antigens that stimulate Th cells without being processed into peptides by APC

40
Q

how do superantigens work

A

intact antigen bind directly to TCR and MHC II molecules enabling them to stimulate large number of T cells (2-20% of all T cells)

41
Q

results of superantigen

A

massive production of cytokines produced by Th causing systemic toxicity and immunosuppression

42
Q

eg of superantigen

A

staphylococcoal toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 TSST-1

43
Q

effects of TSST-1

A

excessive amounts of cytokines-> systemic inflammation, hypotension and shock

44
Q

thymocytes that mature in thymus differentiate into

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

45
Q

what are CTL/Tc

A

CD8 +ive capable of killing abnormal cells (tumor or infected with intracellular pathogens virus)

46
Q

CTL/Tc / killer T cells responsible for

A

cell mediated immunity

47
Q

development of cytotoxic T cell response

A

abnormal cell expresses antigenic peptide in class I MHC on cell surface

48
Q

what are the immunological synapse (interface) btwn Tc to abnormal cell

A

CD8 to MHC I

TCR to antigen

49
Q

describe killing of abnormal cells by CTL

A

Tc bearing Ag-specific TCR activated and proliferate because of cytokines like Il-2. Tc seek out abnormal cells and destroy them by releasing granules

50
Q

what do granules of Tc contain

A

perforins like granzymes

51
Q

what are perforins

A

pore forming proteins related structurally and fnally to complement C9

52
Q

how does perforin work

A

Tc insert perforins into membrane of abnormal cell –> lysis and death

53
Q

what and where are granzymes found

A

group of enzymes found in granules of Tc, NK and lymphokine activated cells (LAK)

54
Q

how do granzymes work

A

enter through holes created by perforins, degrade foreign proteins, trigger apoptosis and DNA degradation

55
Q

fn of cell mediate immune response (Tc mediated response)

A

destruction of cells infected with intracellular microbes, defense against fungi, protozoa and parasitic worms, graft/acute rejection, destruction of tumor cells

56
Q

what is TIL therapy

A

tumor infiltrating lymphocyte therapy for cancer

57
Q

lymphocyte activated killer is

A

Tc and NK cells taken from patient’s peripheral blood

immunology 1139 (15 decks)

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