2nd line of defense: inflammation

Question 1

what is inflammation

Answer 1

body’s basic response to tissue injury

Question 2

inflammation is characterized by

Answer 2

swelling
heat
pain
loss of fn in affected organ/tissue
redness

Question 3

initiating stimuli

Answer 3

infection, physical trauma, radiation exposure, chemicals/allergens, necrosis, foregin particle, neoplasm

Question 4

what is neoplasm

Answer 4

abnormal growth of tissue forms a mass (tumour)

Question 5

production of mediators will cause what

Answer 5

vasoactive axns and acute and chronic chemotactic actions

Question 6

name chemical mediators with vasoactive effects

Answer 6

histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, prostaglandins

Question 7

name mediators with both vasoactive and chemotactic effects

Answer 7

complement components, cytokines such as interferon and IL, platelet activators, products of arachidonic acid metabolism

Question 8

name chemical mediators with chemotactic effects

Answer 8

fibrin, collagen, mast cell chemotactic factors, bacterial peptides or PAMPS

Question 9

name vasoactive actions

Answer 9

vasodilation, increase permeability of capillaries and veins, stimulation of nerves; pain, vasoconstriction, edema

Question 10

chemotactic axns

Answer 10

cells migrate to site of damage

Question 11

fn of neutrohpiles

Answer 11

major phagocytes. stimulate monocytes and macrophages

Question 12

fn of platelets

Answer 12

release mediators

Question 13

fn of macrophages

Answer 13

major phagocytes and support for immune rxn. found in tissues

Question 14

fn of lymphocytes

Answer 14

are NK, B and T cells. respond specifically to pathogens

Question 15

what are inflammatory/ proinflammatory mediators

Answer 15

chemical messenger that initiate and promote inflammation (vasoactive and chemotactic)

Question 16

define vasoactive

Answer 16

increase blood flow to affected area by increasing permeability

Question 17

eg of vasoactive

Answer 17

histamine (granules inside mast cells and basophils)

Question 18

define chemotactic

Answer 18

directs migration of leukocytes to affected area

Question 19

two types of vasoactive mediators

Answer 19

pre formed (histamine)
newly synthesized following tissue injury (prostaglandins and leukotrienes)

Question 20

what can inhibit arachidonic acid

Answer 20

steroidal based anti-inflammatory drugs eg corticosteroid

Question 21

what is arachidonic acid

Answer 21

type of phospholipid

Question 22

how is arachidonic acid released

Answer 22

released from cell due to phospholipase A2

Question 23

two pathways that subject Arachidonic acid to metabolism

Answer 23

cyclo-oxygenase pathway (ihibited by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatroy NSAIDs eg aspirin) and lipogenase pathway

Question 24

cyclo-oxygenase pathway results in

Answer 24

prostaglandins

Question 25

lipo-oxygenase pathway results in

Answer 25

leukotrienes

Question 26

1. pavementing or margination

Answer 26

WBC under influence of vasoactive mediators produce greater # of ICAMS to allow attachment of blood endothelium

Question 27

what is ICAm

Answer 27

intercellular adhesion molecules

Question 28

2. Diapedesis/emigration

Answer 28

small junctions open btwn neighboring cells allow passage of WBC and serum proteins from blood into tissue

Question 29

3. chemotaxis

Answer 29

emigrated WBC move toward site of infection due to [gradient] of chemotactic agents