Unit 6

Question 1

What is sex?

Answer 1

The anatomical construction of the body. Genitals, chromosomes, hormones

Question 2

What is gender?

Answer 2

The cultural construction. The expectations of our culture regarding our attitudes, our behaviour, and our physical appearance imposed on people in relation to their sex

Question 3

What is cisgender?

Answer 3

When gender and sex align
Ex: man that identifies as man

Question 4

What is transgender?

Answer 4

When gender does not align with sex assigned at birth
Ex: man identifies as woman

Question 5

What is The script by Judith Butler?

Answer 5

The script maintains gender within its binary frame: man, woman. Known as the gender line
The script is dictated by sanctions and proscriptions in accord to societal beliefs

Question 6

What is hegemonic masculinity?

Answer 6

The dominant and idealized form of masculinity that receives public recognition through consent
It’s a constructed model that dictates what a man should be
- violent or brutal
- strong
- rich or successful
- white
- heterosexual

Question 7

True or false: there are several masculinities or femininities?

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Hegemony and gender is a social construction constantly refashioned through ________

Answer 8

Interaction

Question 9

What is interactionism?

Answer 9

The importance of interactions
Masculinities and femininities either compete with each other or support one another
Being a man or a woman is the product of social doings

Question 10

What is the patriarchal system in relation to gender?

Answer 10

Men dominate women so women are dominated
Ex: men would disagree with women playing sports

Question 11

What was the one sport perceived as revolutionary in the sporting world?

Answer 11

Cycling because women finally participate in physical activity and they have some control on the way they dressed

Question 12

What is social constructionism?

Answer 12

Opposes biological determinism in which what you do, how you act is determined by your biology
Ex: playing or not playing sport
It questions what is perceived as normal and natural

Question 13

Hat happened in sports with feminism?

Answer 13

The stronger the feminist movement, the higher female participation in sport
Women also participate in what is called masculine sports (hockey, football, rugby)

Question 14

What is feminism?

Answer 14

An international social, cultural and political movement
A mouvement that wants o put an end to sexism, sexist exploitation and oppression

Question 15

What are the 2 main purposes of feminism?

Answer 15

Résolution or inequity related to sex and gender
Elimination of discrimination against women and girls

Question 16

How did feminism impact sports?

Answer 16

Girls and women gain confidence and start playing sports
People are more receptive to the presence of women in sport
Feminists went to court to ensure that girls could play with boys
They reached out to commission of rights and freedom in order for women to have access to the same resources in sport (facilities, funding, equipment)
They fought for the change in female representation in the media

Question 17

What is sport typing?

Answer 17

Separation of man and woman based on social ideas and perceptions about gender (women = weaker than men)

Question 18

What are examples of sport typing?

Answer 18

Almost every sport has separate events for men and women (ex: olympics)
At a certain level, women cannot participate with or against men
Certain sports are still considered masculine or feminine
At times the same sport will have different rules for women

Question 19

What are the benefits of mixing men and women in sport?

Answer 19

Demonstrate the similarities between men and women
Men become more conscious of women’s abilities
People start questioning stereotypes and sport typing
We start thinking differently about power relations and gender

Question 20

What are the downsides of mixing men and women in sport?

Answer 20

Can easily reinforce stereotypes if men refuse to allow women to play (move them aside/complete the task for them)
Certain leagues force teams to have minimum number of women
Certain leagues offer more points to women

Question 21

What is heteronormativity?

Answer 21

Heterosexuality is the norm. It is perceived as normal and natural sexuality.
More value is placed on heterosexuality
Other forms of sexuality are perceived as deviant

Question 22

What is homophobia?

Answer 22

An irrational and unrealistic fear towards LGBTQ that causes either explicit or implicit hate

Question 23

What is hypermasculinity?

Answer 23

An exagérâtes form of masculinity
Seem to more care about others
Never show pain or emotions
Ex: Andrew tate, the rock

Question 24

How does masculinity impact sport for men?

Answer 24

Sport has become an important marker of masculinity
Non-athletic men are perceived as less masculine or less manly
A lot of men refuse to participate in feminine sports in fear of being judged and labeled as gay

Question 25

How does masculinity impact sport for women?

Answer 25

A woman who participates in a sport that is perceived masculine or violent can be perceived as a masculine woman or lesbian
This prevents woman to participate in masculine sports

Question 26

What is the spiral of silence?

Answer 26

A spiral where someone remains silent in fear of being pushed away and isolated
If someone speaks out the spiral can be stopped or changed

Question 27

What is the first step of identity management?

Answer 27

Silence
Someone who tries to manage their 3 identities (sport, social, sexual) without speaking out

Question 28

What is the sixth step of the identity management?

Answer 28

Reconciliation
Someone who speaks out and is open about their identities

Question 29

What is the theory of oppression?

Answer 29

Tells us that people find themselves in the grey square (where people face oppression) because they attempt to juggle too many identities at once (sport, social, sexual)
Also linked to spiral of silence because want to remain in the status quo so they end up oppressing themselves through silence
Fear prevents them from being themselves

Question 30

What is the conspiracy of silence?

Answer 30

That Heterosexual Hegemony, identity management, the spiral of silence and the theory of oppression all lead to silence