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Sociology Of Sport > Unit 10 > Flashcards

Unit 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sport?

A

Competitive and fun* physical activity practiced according to written rules and according to the spirit of sportsmanship* with a clear goal in mind. (Donald Guay)

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2
Q

What is physical activity?

A

All movements performed in leisure, work, or to go from one place to another.

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3
Q

What is play?

A

Engage in an activity with the sole purpose of having fun. We must think in the sense of leisure and recreation and not serious competition.

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4
Q

True or false: all sport is physical activity but not all activity is sport?

A

True

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5
Q

What are the 2 suppositions about sport?

A
  1. Sport is healthy for all
  2. Sport is panacea (a solution or remedy for all difficulties and diseases) for all health problems in society.
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6
Q

Are the 2 suppositions about sport true?

A

No they are beliefs not facts

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7
Q

What is healthism?

A

The belief that health is the product of personal decisions and individual practices.
Furthermore, health is not only perceived as indispensable, but should be the ultimate goal for all.

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8
Q

What does healthism cause?

A

This brings about fixations on nutrition, physical activity, and on representations of health – images of people who seem healthy (instagram). Again, in a personal goal.

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9
Q

What are the dangers with the thought process of healthism?

A
  • people who can’t be healthy for other reasons will feel guilty
  • mental disorders due to body image (ED, body dismorphia)
  • body shaming
  • physical burnouts
  • fake health presented from models
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10
Q

What are the 12 determinants of health?

A
  1. Income and Social Status
  2. Social Support Networks
  3. Education and Literacy
  4. Employment and working conditions
  5. Social environments
  6. Physical environments
    7.Personal health practices and coping skills
  7. Healthy child development
  8. Biology and genetic endowment
  9. Health services
  10. Gender
  11. Culture
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11
Q

What is the estimated impact of the determinants of health?

A

50% is impacted by social environment and economy
Ex: stereotypes, equity, social inclusion

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12
Q

What also affects our health?

A

Not only our social factors but also our attitudes towards health
Our attitudes are based on our social environment

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13
Q

What’s a good example of stereotype towards health?

A

The elderly
Stereotype constructed by social beliefs
- too weak
- too old to do something

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14
Q

What are obstacles that people over 50 deal about physical activity?

A
  1. Physical and Psychological Obstacles
  2. Health problems or pain
  3. Negative stereotypes associated to old age
  4. The aging belief = loss of physical and cognitive functions
  5. Continuity vs. Change
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15
Q

What is the cultural belief about women exercising?

A

Social support is key in exercising.
The cultural belief that elderly women are fragile and will get injured prevents them from exercising.

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16
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

Idea of mindset: if you think you can do it, then you can
Learn through observation

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17
Q

What’s the problem with the body being a machine?

A

We tend to think of the body as solely a biological and functional entity.
We think about the body only in terms of how it functions. Look at your university program.
This encourages the mind-spirit dualism; I think therefore I am. (Focus more on performance than health)
The scientific approach argues that the body is an object without subjectivity.

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18
Q

What is the problem with injuries?

A

Injuries are not only common, but frequent.
Getting injured becomes normal and natural in the world of sport.
Getting injured, therefore, becomes part of the sporting culture.
We refer to this as the culture of risk.

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19
Q

What is the culture of risk?

A

Culture in which athletes tolerate pain, injuries, and all practices that can compromise health.

In the culture of risk, tolerance to pain become markers of identity linked to the strength and resistance of the athlete, of the machine.

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20
Q

Is the culture of risk only for the athletes themselves?

A

The culture does not only consist of the athletes, but the coaches and the medical staff as well. We neglect the injury in order to ensure victory.

As a team doctor, we apply quick fixes to ensure the athlete returns to the field. These practices are simply accepted.

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21
Q

What is neutralisation of pain?

A

• Disassociation with pain.
• Ignore pain.
• Trivialize pain.

22
Q

What’s the narrative of neutralisation?

A

• The hidden pain - normalize the pain
• Non-respected pain - laugh it off
• Unpersonalized pain
• Pain is not welcome - don’t talk about it to be seen as not normal

23
Q

What’s another thing that is seen as taboo in sport?

A

Mental health

24
Q

Why is mental health taboo?

A

Seen as abnormal. If it hinders with performance, such as depression, anxiety, stress, we simply push it away, we don’t address it.

25
Q

What is the problem with mental health and the media?

A

However, the media presents mental health as a personal problem and not a problem with the system…

26
Q

What’s the market effect?

A
  • Professional sport organizations present the profession as one in which violence and injury are accepted and expected. It’s business.
  • Often, the athlete does not have a say on their health or their actions. They are supervised by coaches and traded by general managers. They have little to no opinion regarding their own life.
  • We even find athletes being prescribed drugs without their consent. All for the good of the sport…
27
Q

True or false: Athletes feel that the ligues don’t care about their health; only their performance.

A

True

28
Q

Professional athletes are models for whom?

A

Kids

29
Q

What’s the paradox of sport?

A

While people believe sport is ideal for buidling, reinforcing, and improving the body, sport is also the cause for several serious injuries. We find that the more competitive the sport, the more serious the injuries.

So, while we show athletes are the perfect specimen, studies show that they are laden with mental and physical issues.

30
Q

What is the social body?

A
  • Our body is a social entity, not only a machine. The social is inscribed on our body.
  • Our body has been shaped through discourses of power and gender.
  • We learn through our body.
  • We express ourselves through our body (clothing, tattoos, etc.)
  • Our body is a symbol; a representation of our values.
  • Our body is located in an historical, politlcal, economical, and cultural context.
31
Q

What are the benefits of sport for children?

A

• Health and development
• Social and personal development
• Interpersonal connections - being social
• Learning new activities and new movements.
• Accountability
• Gain confidence

32
Q

What is the dark side of sport for children?

A

• Exclusion
• Rejection
• Humiliation
• Failure
• Forced participation in a sport they hate.
• Incapable of doing certain movements – leads to humilitation.
- Bullying
- Pressure
- Compared to others

33
Q

What is a sport they are trying to ban from physical ed?

A

Dodge ball
- targets people
- picking the better people first so makes other kids not feel good about themselves

34
Q

What is the level of physical activity in Canada?

A

60-90 minutes a day
Only 12% of children in Canada get 60-90 minutes of physical activity daily

35
Q

What is the obesity rate in school-aged children?

A

Really high
More than 30% in America
Because parents can’t be there for their children. They don’t have the money to buy good food

36
Q

What are the negative effects of being sedentary?

A

Psychosocial : poor self esteem, depression, eating disorders
Neurological : pseudotumor cerebri
Pulmonary : sleep apnoea, asthma, exercise intolerance
Cardiovascular : dyslipidaemia, hypertension, coagulopathy, chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction
Gastrointestinal : gallstones, steatohepatitis
Renal : glumerulosclerosis
Musculoskeletal : slipped capital femoral epiphysis, blount’s disease, forearm fracture, flat feet
Endocrine : type 2 diabetes, precocious puberty, polycystic ovary syndrome (girls), hypogonadism (boys)

37
Q

What is prolympism?

A

Victory is the main goal
• The ultimate goal is to become a professional athlete or to win an Olympic gold medal.
• Instead of focusing on the process we focus on the results.

38
Q

What is a problem with prolympism?

A

• Develops unrealistic dreams of guaranteed success.
It’s a main reason behind sedentary lifestyle because too much pressure so they quit

39
Q

What is prolympism with parents?

A

The parents put so much pressure on their children to be successful and famous and really good at the sport
Parents hope that with all of their kids fame they get money back

40
Q

What do we need to understand about children?

A
  • Not all children are the same!
  • A child’s development is unique so we cannot take a prolympic approach to children’s sport.
  • Childhood does not end at the same time for all children.
  • A child is not an adult in training…
  • not all children are at the same stage at the same time
41
Q

Why are children sport not always a game?

A

• Discipline.
• Silence.
• Listening.
• Follow authority.
• Learning to go beyond their limits…sometimes too far.
- pressure
- bullying
- punishment (push-ups)

42
Q

What are the social agents in children sport and why are they important?

A
  • Agents of socialization: parents, siblings, friends, teachers, coaches, etc.
  • These agents become important actors through which children learn and understand important societal values.
  • Sport then becomes an important product of socialization where important values are taught and acquired.
43
Q

What impacts children participation?

A

• Family socioeconomic status.
• Parent education level.
• Proximity to urban centers.
• Gender.
• The presence of parents in sport or physical activity.
• Ethnicity.
• Disabilities and accessibility.

44
Q

Why do children abandon sport?

A

• The coach
• The cost
• Specialisation
• The pressures of prolympism
• Severe injuries
• Separate sport (no room for non-binaries or transgenders…)

45
Q

What are the positive and negative aspects of parents in sports?

A

In sport, a parent can be supportive, can be a volunteer, can help with the progress of sport.
But,
A parent can also put immense pressure on a children. Make the child feel bad for losing.

46
Q

What are the positive and negative aspects of coaches in sports?

A

A coach can be a teacher, a friend, a mentor. He or she can teach important skills and increase a child’s self-confidence.
But,
A coach can also be a cause of stress, misery, sadness. A coach can push a child beyond their limit, to the point of burning out.
A coach can also be an enemy…cases of sexual assaults.

47
Q

What is alternative sport?

A
  • Physical activities and sport that are usually not-structured and in which the participant is in full control of their involvement.
  • We say alternative sport because these are activities that serve as alternatives to traditional sports (hockey, soccer, etc.)
  • A lot more democratized.
  • Ex: skateboarding, surfing, rock climbing
48
Q

What is the importance of game?

A

Games to make sure kids are moving
Kids can also play those games at home

49
Q

What are the predictions for the future of sport and physical activity - economy?

A
  • With a change in the economy, we will see an increase in costs and participation will become more and more unequal.
  • Non-governmental associations will not have enough money to fund certain leagues or sports.
  • We will see an increase in popularity for alternative sports due to the fact that is does not depend on external funding.
50
Q

What are the predictions for the future of sport and physical activity - immigration?

A
  • As immigration intensifies, we will see a biggest divide or separation in sport according to ethnicity.
  • But we will also see the introduction of new sports. We hope to see a process of cultural sharing through sport.
  • The implication of international governing bodies will be crucial for the functioning of sport.
51
Q

What are the predictions for the future of sport and physical activity - technology?

A
  • New technologies will offer more opportunities for children and families to be active.
  • These new technologies will also help with the integration of children with disabilities in the world of sport and physical activity.
  • However, developments in biotechnology will open new heated debates in competitive sport (doping).

Sociology Of Sport (12 decks)

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