Unit 5

Question 1

What is race?

Answer 1

Socially constructed distinctions that differentiate groups based on physical and genetic characteristics like skin colour, hair type, facial features

Question 2

What is ethnicity?

Answer 2

Cultural characteristics shared by a group (language, customs, beliefs, history) that define the group and mark them as different

Question 3

What is ethnic population?

Answer 3

A category of people perceived differently due to their way of life, their collective history and their perception of themselves as a people

Question 4

What is a minority?

Answer 4

A population that suffers disadvantage due to systematic discrimination and who demonstrate a close bond to each other based on their social. Experiences and their history of discrimination (past and present)

Question 5

What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

Answer 5

Race: based on the classification of physical trait
Ethnicity: based on the practice of a shared culture

Question 6

Why is physical activity important?

Answer 6

People turn to sport or activities in which they feel comfortable and where they feel like they belong. A sense of attachment to their culture
Participating in an activity that reflects their culture reinforces the importance of their ethnicity and their self-perception

Question 7

What is the marginality theory?

Answer 7

Suggests that the reason the participation of many minority racial and ethnic people is low is due to poverty, which is a function of discrimination they face

The idea behind this is that if the economic barriers were removed there would be no difference in sport participation between high and low income groups

Question 8

What is the ethnicity theory?

Answer 8

Posits that the difference in behaviour can be explained by the existence of a distinct set of subcultural norms and values.

Sport participation among ethnic minorities is the result of specific group interests

Question 9

What is the problem with the marginality theory?

Answer 9

The theory falls short because it does not take account for the ethnic minorities that participate in wealthy sports

Question 10

What is the problem with the ethnicity theory?

Answer 10

Researchers must compare the behaviours, such as sport participation, as ethnic minorities to the experience of dominant group members and in this way normalizes the white, Eurocentric majority as normal

Question 11

How does power influence sport?

Answer 11

• power structures sport in preferred ways and to institutionalize these preferences in sport rules and organizations (rich white men make the rules)
• power establishes selective sport traditions
• power defines the range of legitimate practices and meanings associated with dominant sports practices

Question 12

What are democratized sports?

Answer 12

Active participation in sport by everyone
Everyone is involved in the formation of sport, rules, forms, circumstances and meanings of participation

Question 13

Are sports democratized?

Answer 13

No. Only rich white men are involved in the formation of sport. Not everyone has a say

Question 14

Are professional sports democratic?

Answer 14

No

Question 15

What is the Rooney rule?

Answer 15

Rule put in place to try to democratize sport
It forces every team to interview minimum 2 visible minorities for the head coach position and minimum 1 for the coordinator

Question 16

Is the Rooney rule legit?

Answer 16

No. People think it’s only symbolic because coaches are hand picked not interviewed

Question 17

What is racial ideology?

Answer 17

Ideas and beliefs that are widely used to classify human beings into categories assumed to be biological and related to attributes such as intelligence, temperament, physical abilities
Race is linked to a persons moral worth

Question 18

What are the 3 reasons racial ideology became so shared?

Answer 18

• the conquerors needed to justify killing, capturing and confining the coloured people in North America
• in the United States we not only needed to justify slavery but after its abolition we needed to justify the continued segregation of the black population by law
• several scientists were attempting to prove the superiority of the white race

Question 19

What is the problem with racial ideology?

Answer 19

It’s assumed that race is a biological fact
But race isn’t real biologically

Question 20

What is an example of racial ideology in sport?

Answer 20

• In the NFL before the QB couldn’t be black cuz they thought black people are dumb. They would put the blacks on the o-line or somewhere that doesn’t need strategy
• Racial ideology also said that if you’re black you go to basketball
• Autochtones couldn’t play sports cuz they were seen as savages

Question 21

What is a constant issue with racial ideology?

Answer 21

Black male students are never seen as honour student, they are seen as athletes

Question 22

What is whitestream?

Answer 22

Some sports and some associations are still perceived as a white milieu
Ex: hockey (90% of NHL are white)

Question 23

What is the solution to whitestream?

Answer 23

Every group made their own games
Ex: indigenous games, jeux de la francophonie, chinese basketball,

Question 24

What is the 1988 multiculturalism act?

Answer 24

Act that ensures that each Canadian citizen is able to preserve their cultural identity, retain their ancestry and cultural heritage and still feel a sense of belonging within Canada

Question 25

What is Ableism?

Answer 25

The belief that individuals with bodies and minds that function normally have more value and are more desirable in our society than those who are perceived as different. This causes a desire to normalize or eradicate differences

Question 26

What happens to a disabled person?

Answer 26

Perceived as abnormal
Seen as disabled instead of a normal person
Creates exclusion

Question 27

What is supercrip?

Answer 27

Instead of presenting these athletes like well athletes they are presented as inspirational stories to the point where the athletes become inspirations and not athletes

Question 28

What is the consequences of supercrip?

Answer 28

Paralympians will play through pain and not show pain because their performance isn’t taken seriously
According to them playing through pain is a way of legitimizing their performance and their training
Sacrifice their health to be taken seriously

Question 29

What is the sociological structure of the Paralympics?

Answer 29

Idea of capital
With economic capital = money
Symbolic capital = athletes have great capital during the games
To have capital, you need media but with media you can’t control what is said about the athletes

Question 30

What happens when the IOC partnerships with the IPC?

Answer 30

The paralympics gets more economic and social capital because they are seen as more prestigious

Question 31

What kind of capital does sponsors offer?

Answer 31

Economic capital - they pay to be there
Symbolic capital - representation of athletes in commercial and ads

Question 32

What is the risk with sponsors?

Answer 32

The sponsors have complete control on the public perception of the games and the athletes

Question 33

Why is technology necessary?

Answer 33

Without it, athletes can’t perform
Technology advancements offer events that are more interesting and more exciting
Also allows more people to participate

Question 34

What are rehabilitation centres not in favour for?

Answer 34

They don’t like the competitive ideology of playing through pain

Question 35

What is the conflict with the IPC deciding who can participate?

Answer 35

They decide which disabilities is perceived as valid in order to participate
Individuals with mental handicaps were barred from participating until 2012
Creates segregation

Question 36

What is exclusion?

Answer 36

When the majority group excludes the minority

Question 37

What is segregation?

Answer 37

When the minority group exclude themselves by choice or by force to maintain their culture or traditions
Ex: autochtone exclude themselves on the reserve to maintain their culture

Question 38

What is integration?

Answer 38

Part of the majority group but still seen as different
Ex: autistic kid in a classroom