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Sociology Of Sport > Unit 13 > Flashcards

Unit 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are false ideas about sport?

A

• Accessible
• Unifying
• Egalitarian
• Democratic
• Humanist
• Sain
• Sport = Health
• Altruistic
• Inclusion
• Peace
• Positive image

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2
Q

What factors contributed to the emerge of professional sport in North America?

A

• Urbanization
• Industrialization
• More free time – to play, to consume

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3
Q

What are the 2 structures of sport?

A

Closed leagues and open leagues

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4
Q

What is a closed league?

A
  • Executives have complete control over the amount of franchises in the the association. They decide who the owners are and where franchises are located.
  • A kind of monopoly on the sport
  • Ex: MLB, NBA, NFL, NHL
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5
Q

What is an open league?

A

New teams enter and leave the association based, more often than not, on merit. If a team does not perform, it can be sent to an inferior association, and vice-versa.

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6
Q

Because the goal is to make money, what happens to some franchises?

A

Every franchise has a value
Some franchises fold or have to move cities because it’s too expensive

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7
Q

What is a commissioner and how do you become one?

A

The commissioner serves as a mediator in case there’s problems in the league.
The commissioner is a member of the administrative council who by election becomes the leagues commissioner

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8
Q

What is the problem with the commissioner?

A

The commissioner makes a lot of money and all he does is imposes the rules and the structure of the league and decides what happens to the players

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9
Q

What do professional leagues form?

A

A joint production

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10
Q

What is a joint production?

A

A team of people who work together to ensure that their product works

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11
Q

What is the goal of the joint production?

A

The goal is to sell and ensure the functioning of a joint product, in the case of the NFL, the product is football. This means that no one person has the monopoly on the league.
The reason for this is for the league to work, for the product to work, there needs to be competition. No competition, no results, no money.

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12
Q

What are 2 things that the league must ensure?

A

• The uncertainty of the result: unpredictable so people will be intrigued
• Balanced competition: salary caps, drafts, etc

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13
Q

The structure of the administrative council has often
been compared to a _______

A

Cartel
- Ensures that everyone has monopoly but everyone needs to work together to hold the monopoly

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14
Q

How can there be monopoly in the enterprise?

A

Territorial Control
- they don’t want 2 teams within a 241km radius

Doesn’t always work
- 3 teams in LA
- 2 teams in New York
Toronto has the leafs, blue jays and raptors

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15
Q

The professional leagues in North America have a _______

A

Monopsony

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16
Q

What is monopsony?

A

This means that one buyer has complete control on the market.
They control the players
- You want to play professional football, you go to the NFL (or CFL)
- Hockey? NHL
- Baseball? MLB
- You do not want to play for any of these leagues? Play in your backyard.

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17
Q

To control the market and to keep things competitive, leagues have what two things in place?

A

The drafts and the salary caps

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18
Q

What happens if a team spends beyond salary cap?

A

They must pay a luxury tax to the league.

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19
Q

What are the 2 reasons for the salary caps?

A

• According to owners: Keep the competition balanced.
• According to sociologists: Entrench a power relation in the league. Ensure that the players don’t make too much money while continuing to produce a good product.

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20
Q

How do the ensure to make money?

A

Attendance
Inflation
Where the game is
Pay more depending on the popularity of the team
Pay more depending on the teams performance
- Ex: if they play against a good vs a bad team
Depending on the event
- Ex: opening night, Stanley Cup game, etc
Depending on the time of the week
- week day vs weekend
Depending on where the seats are
- Courtside vs nosebleeds
Broadcasting
Sponsors pay to have their logo on the stadium

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21
Q

How does a stadium reflect social class?

A

Depending on where you sit it reflects your social class and how much money you can afford to go watch a game
Where you sit dictats your class
- Celebs are courtside = $$$$
- lower class sits in nosebleeds = $

22
Q

A city must pay a certain amount for the building of a stadium. Where does the money come from?

A

• Taxes on alcohol and tobacco.
• A tourist taxe (extra fees in hotels for example).
• Taxes on tickets for the event (extra fees)
• Charge more for certain things in the stadium or arena.

23
Q

What 3 things happened when building the Olympic Games infrastructures?

A

• It’s very expensive. This «water cube» cost $140 millions. It’s where the aquatic events were held in Beijing.
• Most of the time, as it is for the cube, it remains vacant once the Games are over. So, that’s $140 million for a 16 day festival, on average.
• Most importantly, the building of some infrastructures force people out of their homes. For example, in Rio de Janeiro, 60000 people lost their homes when they built the stadium.

24
Q

What is the problem with the IOC?

A
  • They do what they want because no games are bigger or as good as the Olympics
  • No matter the situation, the games must go on
  • They don’t care that it’s crazy expensive to host the Olympic Games because the money from the games goes to them
25
Q

True or false: The Games will create amazing infrastructures that will beautify the city and will be available to the population afterwards

A

Often false. Infrastructures are left empty and are left to rot causing immense damage on the environment.

26
Q

True or false: There will be an increase in tourism

A

Yes, tourism will increase for the Games, but do you think tourists don’t go to Paris outside of the Olympic Game period? Also, studies show that citizens often leave their homes for the duration of the Games to get away from the noise and traffic. So, it ends up being the same.

27
Q

True or false: Games bring international recognition

A

False. Look at where the Games were held. No one heard of London before they had the Games? Or Tokyo? They already have international recognition.

28
Q

What is globalization?

A
  • The interdependence of the economy, cultures and global populations caused by the exchange across borders of goods, services, and technologies and by the flow of investments, people, and information.
29
Q

What makes globalization easier?

A

Especially with the ease of travel and the internet. We receive and process information from all over the world. And it is those external influences that build our internal values which determine our identity.

30
Q

What things are interrelated with globalization?

A

Our beliefs, our living conditions, and our actions

31
Q

True or false: globalization is often related to capitalism?

A

True

32
Q

What is capitalism?

A

An economic system in which private sectors possesses and controls properties (such as professional sport leagues) according to their own private interests.

33
Q

What is the ultimate goal of capitalism?

A

To make a profit $$$

34
Q

What is neoliberalism?

A

A way of viewing and organizing the world; an ideology. Specifically, an economic, political, and social ideology based on fundamental principles

35
Q

What are the 3 principals of neoliberalism?

A

• Unregulated support of free-trade and of the markets (see it as an economic free-for-all).
• The promotion of individualism and competition.
• The reducing of governmental influence.

36
Q

How is neoliberalism linked to sports?

A

Because they are based on competition and don’t want politics involved

37
Q

What is McDonaldization?

A

McDonalization points towards the homogeneity (similar, all the same) of cutlural choices and people’s experiences caused by globalization.
- Simply put, there are McDonalds everywhere.

38
Q

What is the issue with McDonaldization?

A

The main issue here is that this homogeneity is also present in third-world or poorer countries. For example, McDonalds is an American company so the American head or owners make a profit on the backs of the poor.
We see the same occurrence with Walmart and Amazon.

39
Q

What is glocalization?

A
  • Glocalization is innovative; the locals adapt and innovate global forces (as you can see on the right).
  • The media, imported products, and imported materials offers an opportunity to local identities to demonstrate their uniqueness.
  • something related to a specific country or city
40
Q

What is the issue with international development?

A

That capitalism is too strong

41
Q

What factors help globalization?

A

• The creation of global transport. (Airplane)
• The establishment of a world bank and of free-market strategies. The exchange of money across borders is simpler.
• The development of neoliberalism.
• The amplitude of transnational corporations and brands, as well as the presence of international associations (think IOC).
• The rapid development of the internet and social networks.

42
Q

What is the problem with sweat shops?

A

Companies have shops that make people work for terrible money and in terrible conditions and then the company sells their products for a lot of money

43
Q

How is globalization tied to sport?

A

Some brands are known everywhere so the other brands don’t have a chance to build their company (Nike)
Some athletes are so well known that other athletes don’t get recognized by media (Lebron James)
More countries are part of the FIFA than the UN

44
Q

What are the strengths of globalization on sport?

A

• Certain sporting events are available across the entire world via satellite.
• The best players in the entire world are united to participate in certain events. **not true cuz only the countries that have the needs to participate do
• The equipment used is conceptualized in America for example, but assembled in Asia.
• That same equipment is sold globally!
• We see the presence of several transnational corporations investing in international sport. A lot of money.
• We see a tight development of the sport-media complex.

45
Q

What are the 5 dimensions of globalization?

A

People
Technology
Economy
Media
Ideology

46
Q

What is the dimension of people for globalization?

A

The international movement of people – workers, tourists, immigrants. In sport: the international movement of players. A chinese basketball player moving to the US to play in the NBA. Trading on a global sport market.

47
Q

What is the dimension of technology for globalization?

A

The flow of machinery and equipment produced elsewhere. Think sporting equipment.

48
Q

What is the dimension of economy for globalization?

A

The transfer of money across the entire world.
Global banks

49
Q

What is the dimension of media for globalization?

A

The transfer of images and information between countries. Think the Olympic Games and its global broadcast.

50
Q

What is the dimension of ideology for globalization?

A

The exchange and flow of values associated to or against certain movements. Think feminism in some Asian countries; it doesn’t work.
For sport, think boycotts: different countries have different ideologies so it makes other countries not want to participate when they host the Olympic Games

51
Q

What is success in global sport?

A

• Availability of resources. Think in terms of equipment and funding.
• Training methods.
• Knowledge about sport medicine and sport science (kinesiology).
• Efficiency of sport organizations.
• The nation’s status in international sport (first place, more money.)
• Migration of coaches, athletes, administrators (towards a successful country).
• Accessibility to infrastructures.
• The presence of the media. More visibility, usually more funding.

52
Q

What things to look for towards a global culture?

A

More sports look the same all over the world
Everything will end up looking the same

Sociology Of Sport (12 decks)

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