Unit 11

Question 1

What’s the problem with girls and physical activity?

Answer 1

Girls are less active than boys in physical education classes and in general.
School-aged children are not as active as they should be and physical activity decreases with age.
The decrease for girls is more pronounced than for boys.

Question 2

What country was late with regards to physical activity?

Answer 2

Canada
The US and Great Britain already had physical education programs in their schools, and sports and games were part of the curriculum.

Question 3

Why was Canada late in regards to physical activity?

Answer 3

• A religious education focused on the mind and the soul. Meaning the body was pushed aside. Not concerned with the development of the body.
• The first educational act in 1807 concerned itself with grammar.
• Teaching was not regarded as a noble profession.
• Individual communities had the responsibility to erect a schoolhouse and pay for the teacher. If the community had limited funds, there would be no school.

Question 4

When physical education appeared in Canadian schools around the 1840s the focus was on _________

Answer 4

Drills

Question 5

Why was phys ed in Canada based on drills?

Answer 5

• The reason for the use of drills was that the first teachers were military veterans, Canada was in a period of approaching or close- to-passed warfare, it was cost effective (little to no equipment).
• In this sense, the goal of physical education was to instill discipline in students.
• Referred to as military gymnastics.
• Led to the popular thought that “Children who drill, are seldom ill.”

Question 6

Why was phys ed male oriented?

Answer 6

• Even if the first published textbook for physical education in 1886 showcased exercises for girls, education towards women received half the funding.
• Remember, drills were linked to the military, and the military was a masculine sphere.

Question 7

What implementation started the idea of fitness for all?

Answer 7

The implementation of Bill C-131 in 1961 and later Pierre-Elliot Trudeau’s decision to hire a consultant to assess Canada’s overall fitness leading to the implementation of ParticipACTION

Question 8

What’s participACTION?

Answer 8

A not-for-profit communication agency to promote fitness in Canada, so to make fitness more visible and increase awareness.

Question 9

What happened after the implementation in Canada?

Answer 9

• We start seeing fitness and movement skills in physical education classes.
• As of the 1970s, with the growing interest in sports, physical education curricula around Canada begin teaching sports at the high school level – which is what we have today.

Question 10

Why are boys and girls divided into separate groups?

Answer 10

• Gender beliefs, biological differences
• PE classes for boys were aimed at developing abilities and skills to strengthen them and prepare them to support society through labor.
• PE classes for girls were aimed at preparing them for childbearing and motherhood. We also saw less participation due to less availability.

Question 11

What did the 1982 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms do for phys ed?

Answer 11

No longer could individuals be excluded based on gender from participation in any educational program.
Dramatic increase in female sport participation and the beginning of co-ed physical education.

Question 12

What is the persistent issue even if sport participation is increased?

Answer 12

• The divide still remains in physical education classes.
• Girls’ own perception of their physical education class and the negative experiences they have within them is a big explanation of the low levels of physical activity.

Question 13

How can girls be motivated in phys ed?

Answer 13

It is shown that in order for individuals to be motivated to engage in an activity, they must associate some level
of value or importance to the task and believe that they can achieve some measure of success.

Question 14

What are the low perceptions of value that girls report having?

Answer 14

• They do not associate some type of value to the task or activity.
• The perceived cost seems too high for the attainment value (doing well). (Attain a goal)
• The utility value (usefulness outside of class)
• The intrinsic value*** (feelings of enjoyment) (is it fun?)

Question 15

What are the low ability beliefs or feelings of competence (feeling successful) that girls report having?

Answer 15

Our everyday behaviour is guided by the notion of demonstrating competence or avoiding incompetence. We find physical competence as an important indication of status in school.

Question 16

True or false: research points the presence of gender stereotypes at an early age?

Answer 16

True
Parents dictate activities for their child before they start school. If the gender dichotomy is “respected” boys and girls will continue seeing certain activities as strictly “feminine” or “masculine”.

Question 17

What is a persistent issue with the fitness testing?

Answer 17

• While fitness testing is still a viable way to teach and evaluate skills, the issue lies in the expectations of genders.
• For example, at age 6, both boys and girls are expected to do 2 pull-ups. Pull-up expectations for boys increases yearly to reach a requisite of 13 pull-ups by age 17. For girls, at age 7, 2 pull-ups. Age 8, 2 pull-ups…age 14, 2 pull-ups. Age 15…1 pull-up (because they expect girls to stop fitness).
• As for running, at age 10, boys are expected to run a 1.5km in 7:57min. Girls are expected to run the same distance in 9:19min. And expectations decrease as they age.

Question 18

What is a persistent issue with social construction of the female body?

Answer 18

• At the high school level, physicality, or what someone should look like, is highly influenced by social media.
• There is still a belief of the presence of a “perfect female (or male) physique.” That image is constantly pushed out into social media feeds.
• While these images show women in gyms, they are still shown either holding very light weights or with no weights at all (compared to men), pushing the idea of a slim and small figure over a skilled and powerful one.
• These socially constructed bodily meanings highly influence engagement in physical activity, or at least which activities.
• Girls viewed physical education as irrelevant to achieving a desired body shape or size.

Question 19

What is the real issue with phys ed?

Answer 19

• The structure needs to be reworked – the curriculum
• To this day, Physical Education curricula has as its top aim “the promotion of health and fitness and living a healthy lifestyle.” Which is the desired outcome of physical education.
• To this day, the majority of time spent in the gymnasium is on movement skills and sports.
• As for extracurricular sport…it’s all about winning.

Question 20

What are the several reasons we see a reducing of physical education classes in schools?

Answer 20

• Lack of government and school board support.
• School administrators who do not value physical education
• Lack of accountability measures to monitor whether physical education is being implemented
• Significant focus on academics in high school
• Low staff interest and support
• Limited parent and community support
• No monitoring of application of education programs (my experience as a PE instructor)

Question 21

What is the issue with power and performance sports in phys ed?

Answer 21

• The issue with power and performance sports in phys. ed is that is caters to certain male students which creates issues of marginalization. Equated with hegemonic masculinity.
• Power and performance sports are often offered when the teacher shows a lack of variety. Grab a stick and away we go.
• These sports-based curricula are a problem as, as seen, they exclude and disengage the majority of girls but also boys who lack the interest or skills in mainstream and dominant sports.

Question 22

What is the Models-Based Practice?

Answer 22

• Founded on the principle of placing learners’ needs at the centre of all pedagogical decisions.
• The goal is to see who you are dealing with and then tailoring the system to their needs. It displays the fact that all children are different and, therefore, require various needs.

Question 23

What is the ultimate goal for physical activity?

Answer 23

• Creating physically literate children.
• Physical literacy is the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activities.
• Someone who is physically literate moves with competence and confidence in a wide variety of physical activities.
• Someone who is physically literate also finds enjoyment in physical activity and continues to apply their knowledge, finds motivation and includes physical activity in their daily behavior as they age.

Question 24

What is intergenerational inequity?

Answer 24

Future generations will be negatively impacted by the environment-related activities of the current generation.

Question 25

What is transfrontier inequity?

Answer 25

Environment-related activities taking place in one part of the world often have negative impacts on those living elsewhere.
Pay the price for someone else’s actions

Question 26

What is intragenarational inequity?

Answer 26

Negative environment-related effects can have a different effect on different social classes (rich vs. Poor).

Question 27

What is inter-species inequity?

Answer 27

Environmental impacts of the activities of humans have implications on other species (plants, animals).

Question 28

What are the impacts of environment on sport for the infrastructures?

Answer 28

Because of climate change a bunch of stadiums will get ruined because of flooding
Winter sports will disappear
Infrastructures used for the Olympic are no longer used (white elephant buildings)

Question 29

What are the impacts of environment on sport for the athletes?

Answer 29

The pollution is so bad that athletes don’t want to participate in the games
Ex: Rio - the water was too bad that is athlètes ingested 3 tbs of water they could get extremely sick
Ex: Beijing- the air was too bad so a lot of runners didn’t want to participate
- the IOC told Beijing to stop their factories and forced carpooling for a month

Question 30

What are the impacts of environment on sport for the events?

Answer 30

For golf
- cut down so many trees
- put chemicals to make grass greener
- chemicals to stop trees from growing
*** this effects the ecosystem and affecting wildlife

For skiing
- make fake snow
- cut down trees for trails

Question 31

What are the impacts of environment on sport for the transportation?

Answer 31

Vancouver olympics
- made highway 99 to bring the athletes to the mountains
- had to cut so many trees and affected the eagles ecosystem so many eagles died

Question 32

What are the impacts of environment on sport for the spectators?

Answer 32

They are the biggest income of sport
Even if they try to make them more sustainable by putting more recycling bins and self flushing toilets, they can’t control the spectators actions

Question 33

What is sustainable sport?

Answer 33

meets the needs of sport communities while also thinking about future communities and improving the environment.

Question 34

What are the three suppositions of sustainable sport?

Answer 34

• Environmental progress and economic growth are compatible…
• Sustainability is good for business…
• Mega-Events (World Cup, Olympics) are compatible with the sustainable approach…

Question 35

What is ecological modernization?

Answer 35

Theory that assumes that the economy benefits from a move towards environmentalism; they can go hand-in-hand.
We are speaking in terms of natural progress. Industries will simply progress toward a sustainable production because technology will change. People will find a way.

Question 36

What is strong ecological modernization?

Answer 36

An interventionist approach. This approach argues that the government must get involved in ecological modernization and does not trust industries to simply change on their own.

Question 37

What is weak ecological modernization?

Answer 37

This approach argues that industries will become sustainable because the demand for sustainable products will increase (almost magically). Supply and demand.

Question 38

What is the utopia with sustainable sport?

Answer 38

• Dynamics of power prevent environmentalists and businessmen to reach an agreement
• Environmentalists want to save the Earth…whatever the cost.
• Businessmen want to make money but to be sustainable it’s expensive so nothing changes

Question 39

What is green-washing?

Answer 39

When, in appearance, sporting organizations show a desire for sustainable sport. However, in practice, there is no real commitment towards the environment.

Question 40

Why is the IOC picking cities that already hosted the games to host again?

Answer 40

Because they want to reuse stadiums
Not a lot of countries want to host because it costs way too much money