Unit 5 - Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance - Episode 2 Flashcards
Two characteristics
used seed and color
Dihybrid Cross
states that alleles at different loci separate independently of one another
The inheritance of one does not influence the inheritance of the other
Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel identified his second law of inheritance by following two characters at the same time, such as
seed color and seed shape
more likely hindi magkasama ang dominant alleles (kahit ano pwedeng samahan)
Law of Independent Assortment
tells us that the alleles at each locus separate independently; thus, both kinds of separation occur equally and all four type of gametes (RY, ry, Ry, and rY) are produced in equal proportions
The principle of independent assortment
A tool for analyzing crosses
We use this test when we determine the genotype of unknown organism
Test Cross
BREAK SONGS:
Sweater Weather by the neighbourhood, Japanese Denim by Daniel Caesar, and 505 by Arctic Monkeys.
A hypothesis is developed based on the observations and is presented as a ______________, which states that there is no real difference between the observed data and the predicted data.
null hypothesis
used to determine whether the difference is due to chance.
Statistical analysis
A simple statistical analysis is used to test null hypothesis is called the
chi-square test
chi-square test is a type of
goodness-of-fit-test
wants to determine what’s the cause why the expected value is different from the observed value.
chi-square test
value presented in the punnett square
Expected Value
actual value (mismong nangyari)
Observed value
TAKE NOTE: (CHI-SQUARE TEST)
The chi-square test cannot tell us whether a genetic cross has been correctly carried out, whether the results are correct, or whether we have chosen the correct genetic explanation for the results.
“What it does indicate is the probability that the difference between the observed and the expected values is due to chance.”
In other words, it indicates the likelihood that chance alone could produce the deviation between the expected and the observed values.
There is no significant difference between the observed value and the expected value.
Null Hypothesis
Chi-square formula
X2 = ∑(𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒆𝒅−𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅)^2/𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅
When the probability is less than 0.05, scientists assume that
chance is not responsible and a significant difference exists
The _________________means that some factor other than chance is responsible for the observed values being different from the expected values.
expression significant difference
Yung patterns na sinabi ditto is hindi tugma kay mendel
Outside the gene influence
Non-mendelian Inheritance
Causes why mendelian inheritance is not followed
A. Presence of other protein encoding genes.
B. Influence of other DNA sequences
C. RNA sequences
D. Epigenetic alterations of DNA
E. Environmental influences
It causes death before the individual can reproduce, which prevents passage of genes to the next generation
Therefore, there is a removal expected progeny class following specific crossing
Lethal Alleles Combinations
A genotype (allele combination) that causes death is, by definition, lethal.
Lethal Alleles Combinations
Pag may ___________ ka, mamatay yung alleles na yun or mawawala yung gene na yun sa next generation
lethal alleles
2 copies of that allele ang namana. In short,
homozygous
Recessive lethal allele
Recessive lethal allele homozygous can be
homozygous recessive or homozygous dominant
Ang homozygous dominant allele ay tinatawag natin na
recessive lethal allele
kapag one copy of that allele ang namana. Heterozygous.
Dominant lethal allele
A double dose of a dominant allele may be lethal, as is the case for ______________, inheriting one dominant allele confers the coveted hairlessness trait, but inheriting two dominant alleles is lethal to the unlucky embryo.
Mexican hairless dogs
(canine ectodermal dysplasia) - There is missing abnormal teeth.
Fox 13 gene
Fox 13 gene
Canine ectodermal dysplasia
He crossed yellow mouse with brown mouse
Nakita nya na ang Yellow ay dominant. Yellow is heterozygous
Then, he crossed two heterozygous yellow mouse. (Yy x Yy)
Lucien Cuenot (1905)
alleles are lethal when their __________ not when their _________
homozygous; heterozygous
a very distinct phenotype of a long trunk, very short limbs, and a large head with a filial face.
Achondroplastic dwarfism
Possible na mamatay agad since isang copy
lang ang kailangan para maging lethal to.
Kaya kahit nasa embryo pa lang it may lead
to death na agad
Dominant Lethal Allele
May chance din na masurvive,
ex. Huntington’s disease. Nabigyan chance na magsurvive pero very fatal ito.
Dominant Lethal Allele
Different allele combinations can produce variations in the phenotype. The more alleles, the more variation of the phenotype are possible
Multiple Alleles
