Unit 2 - The Cell Episode 1 Flashcards
1
Q
First inventor of the compound microscope
PROBLEM: poor quality microscope
A
Zaccharias Janssen
2
Q
made a better compound microscope after
Janssen
A
Joseph Jackson Lister
3
Q
Three Important Parameters of Microscope
A
- Magnification
- Resolution/ Resolving Power
- Contrast
4
Q
ratio of an object’s image to its real size
A
Magnification
5
Q
computed by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the ocular lens
mostly used magnification of ocular lens: 10x
A
Total Magnification
6
Q
measure the clarity of the image
it is the minimum distance between two points can be separated and still be distinguished as separate points
it is the ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail structure
A
Resolution/ Resolving Power
7
Q
the difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of an image
A
Contrast
8
Q
measure of the light bending ability of the medium
A
Refractive Index
9
Q
technique used to change the refractive index
A
Staining Technique
10
Q
Lens System Parts
A
- Ocular Lens
- Objective Lens
- Coarse Adjustment Knob
- Fine Adjustment Knob
11
Q
Illumination System Parts
A
- Light Source
- Condenser
- Iris Diaphragm
- Field Diaphragm
12
Q
Body System Parts
A
- Base
- Body Tube
- Revolving Nose piece
13
Q
Initial magnification
A
Objective lens
14
Q
Further magnification
A
Ocular lens
15
Q
moves mechanical stage noticeably
A
Coarse adjustment knob
16
Q
sharpens the image
A
Fine adjustment knob
17
Q
LPO → HPO
A
Parfocal / Parfocal Distance
18
Q
focuses light on the specimen and controls the light for uniform illumination
A
Condenser
19
Q
Regulate the intensity of the light
A
Light Source (Rheostat)
20
Q
Uses visible light as source of illumination; cannot resolve structures smaller than about 2 μm; specimen appears against a bright background. Inexpensive and easy to use
A
Brightfield Microscope
21
Q
used to observe various stained specimens and to count microbes; does not resolve very small specimens such as viruses.
A
Brightfield Microscope
22
Q
Uses a special condenser with an opaque disk that blocks light form entering the objective lens directly; light reflected by specimen enters the objective lens and the specimen appears light against a black background
A
Darkfield Microscope
23
Q
To examine living microorganisms that are invisible in brightfield microscopy, do not stain easily, or are distorted by staining
A
Darkfield Microscope
24
Q
used in examining Spirochetes (prokaryotic organisms)
A
Darkfield Microscope
25
causative agent of syphilis
Treponema Pallidium
26
Uses a special condenser containing an annular (ring-shaped) diaphragm. The diaphragm allows light to pass through the condenser, focusing light on the specimen and a diffraction plate in the objective lens. Direct and reflected or diffracted light rays are brought together to produce the image. No staining required.
Phase-Contrast Microscope
27
it is used to facilitate detailed examination of the internal structures of living specimens
Phase-Contrast Microscope
28
forms halo around the image
very useful in examining living unpigmented cells
Phase-Contrast Microscope
29
Like phase-contrast, uses differences in refractive indexes to produce images. Uses two beams of light separated by prisms; the specimen appears colored as a result of the prism effect. No staining required
Differential Interference Microscope
30
TO provide Three-dimensional images
also called Nomarski Microscopy/ Nomarski Interference Contrast
Differential Interference Microscope
31
good in resolution compared to phase
contrast
it can give almost or nearly three
dimensional image
Differential Interference Microscope
32
Modulation Contrast
Hoffman
33
Differential Interference Contrast
Nomarski
34
Distinguishing Feature: Uses an ultraviolet or near ultraviolet source of illumination that causes fluorescent compounds (green-colored) in a specimen to emit light
Fluorescence Microscope
35
Principal Uses: For fluorescent-antibody techniques (immunofluorescence) to rapidly detect and identify microbes in tissues or clinical specimens
Fluorescence Microscope
36
Fluorescent compounds/ fluorescent dyes
Fluorochromes
37
Used in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Auramine O (color yellow)
38
Used in Bacillus anthracis
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC)
39
causative agent of anthrax
Bacillus anthracis (Apple Green)
40
Distinguishing Feature: uses a photon to illuminate one plane of a specimen at a time
Confocal Microscope
41
Principal Uses: to obtain two-and three- dimensional images of the cell for biomedical applications
Confocal Microscope
42
ELECTRON MICROSCOPES
- Transmission
- Scanning
43
Distinguishing Feature: Uses a beam of electrons instead of light; electrons pass through the specimen; because of the shorter wavelength electrons, structures smaller than 2 μm can be resolved. The image produced is two-dimensional.
Transmission Microscope
44
Principal Uses: To examine viruses of the internal ultrastructure in thin sections of cells (usually magnified 10,000-100,000x)
Transmission Microscope
45
Distinguishing Feature: Uses a beam of electrons instead pf light; electrons are reflected from the specimen; because of the shorter wavelength of electrons, structures smaller than 2 μm can be resolved. The image produced appears three dimensional.
Scanning Microscope
46
Principal Uses: To study the surface features of cells and viruses (usually magnified 1000-10,000x)
Scanning Microscope
47
Used to isolate or fractionate cell components based on size and density
Cell Fractionation
48
This “__________________” results in a series of pellets, each containing different cell components.
differential centrifugation
49
1000 g ; 10 minutes
Pellets are rich in nuclei and cellular debris
50
20,000 g ; 20 minutes
Pellets are rich in mitochondria (and chloroplast if plant cells)
51
80,000 g ; 60 minutes/ 1 hour
pellets are rich in microsomes
52
150,000 g ; 3 hours
pellets rich in ribosomes
53
The lower the speed, the larger the components. The higher the speed, the smaller the components/ pellets are. They are ______________________
inversely proportional
54
THE THREE MAJOR DOMAINS
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
55
lack a membrane-bounded nucleus and mitochondria, are surrounded by a cell wall, and divides by binary fission
Bacteria
56
cell walls lack peptidoglycan
share some common characteristics with
bacteria
can be stained Gram + and Gram -
Archaea
57
cells contain an elaborate network of internal membranes, a membrane-bounded nucleus, and mitochondria
DNA is organized into true chromosomes, and a cell division takes place by means of mitosis
Eukarya
58
Class Order of Family Species (KPCOFGS)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
59
Acellular Microorganism
Viruses
60
Cellular Microorganisms
Prokaryotes
- Eubacteria
- Cyanobacteria
- Archaebacteria
Eukaryotes
- Parasites
- Fungi
61
single-cell prokaryotic microorganism
Bacteria
62
single-cell or multicellular eukaryotic
microorganisms
Fungi
63
Unicellular, eukaryotic microorganisms
Yeasts
64
single-cell or multicellular eukaryotic microorganisms (same with fungi)
Parasites
65
dependent on host cells for survival and therefore are NOT CONSIDERED CELLULAR ORGANISMS BUT RATHER INFECTIOUS AGENTS
Viruses
66
Unicellular organisms that lack a nuclear membrane and true nucleus
Classified as prokaryotes, having no mitochondria, ER, or Golgi Bodies
Bacteria
67
Vary in size, morphology and cell-to-cell arrangements and in the chemical composition and structure of the cell wall
Bacterial Morphology
68
bacterial cell wall differences provide the basis for the ______________
Gram Stain
69
the most fundamental test used in bacterial identification
Gram Stain
70
Most relevant clinically bacterial species range in size from ________ in width and ________ in length
0.25 to 1 μm; 1 to 3 μm
71
bacterium is some __________ larger than a virus, and _________ smaller than a eukaryotic cell
hundred-fold; ten-fold
72
___________ are far larger than bacteria
Parasites
73
Viruses < Bacteria < Parasites
small to large
74
circular bacterial shape
Cocci
75
ovoid bacterial shape
Coccobacilli
76
rod shaped bacteria
Bacillus
77
tapered, pointed ends bacterial shape
Fusiform
78
helical, like corkscrew
Spirochetes vary in length and in number of helical turns
Spiral
78
curved bacterial shape
curved
79
no defined shape
Pleomorphic
80
examples of pleomorphic bacteria
Rhizobium and Corynebacterium
81
T/F
All spirochetes are spiral; not all bacteria are spirochetes
True
82
T/F
All bacteria are helical, but not all helical bacteria re called spirochetes
True
83
Prokaryotes with no cell wall
Ureaplasma
Mycoplasma
84
Prokaryotes with CHO and Sterol compounds
Ureaplasma
Mycoplasma
85
units referring to sedimentation rates (unit of time) during high speed of centrifugation
Svedberg
86
named after _____________, Nobel prize winner and inventor of the ultracentrifuge
Theodor Svedberg
87
pairs
diplo-
88
chains
strepto-
89
grape-like structure
Staphylo-
90
Group of four
Tetrad
91
Group of eight
Sarcinae
92
Palisades
side by side
93
Cell Envelope comprises
- Outer Membrane
- Cell Wall
- Periplasm or Periplasmic Space
- Cytoplasmic or Cell Membrane
94
found only in **gram-negative bacteria **
function as the **cell’s initial barrier to the environment**
Outer Membrane
95
serve as primary permeability barriers to hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds and contain essential enzymes and other proteins located in the periplasmic space
bilayered structure composed of Lipopolysaccharide
Outer Membrane
96
gives the surface of gram-negative bacteria a net negative charge
Lipopolysaccharide
97
very important in evading phagocytosis and actions of complement (host’s defenses against foreign substances)
Net Negative Charge
98
protein structures scattered throughout the lipopolysaccharide macromolecules
water-filled structures that control the passage of molecules/ nutrients (nucleotides, disaccharides, peptides, amino acid, vitamin B12 and iron) and other solutes, including antibiotics, through the outer membrane
Porins
99
number and types of____ vary with bacterial species
influence the extent to which various substances pass through the outer membranes of different bacteria
Porins
100
facilitate the attachment of the outer membrane to the next internal layer in the cell envelope, the cell wall
Murein Lipoproteins
101
referred to as the **peptidoglycan murein layer**
gives the bacterial *cell shape and strength *to withstand changes in environmental osmotic pressure that would otherwise result in cell lysis
Cell Wall
102
Composition of Cell Wall
A backbone composed of alternating sugar components **N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) connected by B 1-4 linkage**
103
linked in rows by 10-65 sugars (glycan) which builds the carbohydrate (CHO) backbone
NAG and NAM
104
linked by polypeptides (peptide/peptido)
NAG and NAM
105
unique element of bacterial cell wall
Diaminopimelic Acid (DAP)
106
interferes the linkage of your peptidoglycan
Penicillin
