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Cytogen > Unit 2 - The Cell Episode 1 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - The Cell Episode 1 Flashcards

1
Q

First inventor of the compound microscope

PROBLEM: poor quality microscope

A

Zaccharias Janssen

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2
Q

made a better compound microscope after
Janssen

A

Joseph Jackson Lister

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3
Q

Three Important Parameters of Microscope

A
  • Magnification
  • Resolution/ Resolving Power
  • Contrast
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4
Q

ratio of an object’s image to its real size

A

Magnification

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5
Q

computed by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the ocular lens

mostly used magnification of ocular lens: 10x

A

Total Magnification

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6
Q

measure the clarity of the image

it is the minimum distance between two points can be separated and still be distinguished as separate points

it is the ability of the lenses to distinguish fine detail structure

A

Resolution/ Resolving Power

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7
Q

the difference in brightness between the light and dark areas of an image

A

Contrast

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8
Q

measure of the light bending ability of the medium

A

Refractive Index

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9
Q

technique used to change the refractive index

A

Staining Technique

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10
Q

Lens System Parts

A
  • Ocular Lens
  • Objective Lens
  • Coarse Adjustment Knob
  • Fine Adjustment Knob
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11
Q

Illumination System Parts

A
  • Light Source
  • Condenser
  • Iris Diaphragm
  • Field Diaphragm
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12
Q

Body System Parts

A
  • Base
  • Body Tube
  • Revolving Nose piece
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13
Q

Initial magnification

A

Objective lens

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14
Q

Further magnification

A

Ocular lens

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15
Q

moves mechanical stage noticeably

A

Coarse adjustment knob

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16
Q

sharpens the image

A

Fine adjustment knob

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17
Q

LPO → HPO

A

Parfocal / Parfocal Distance

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18
Q

focuses light on the specimen and controls the light for uniform illumination

A

Condenser

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19
Q

Regulate the intensity of the light

A

Light Source (Rheostat)

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20
Q

Uses visible light as source of illumination; cannot resolve structures smaller than about 2 μm; specimen appears against a bright background. Inexpensive and easy to use

A

Brightfield Microscope

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21
Q

used to observe various stained specimens and to count microbes; does not resolve very small specimens such as viruses.

A

Brightfield Microscope

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22
Q

Uses a special condenser with an opaque disk that blocks light form entering the objective lens directly; light reflected by specimen enters the objective lens and the specimen appears light against a black background

A

Darkfield Microscope

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23
Q

To examine living microorganisms that are invisible in brightfield microscopy, do not stain easily, or are distorted by staining

A

Darkfield Microscope

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24
Q

used in examining Spirochetes (prokaryotic organisms)

A

Darkfield Microscope

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25
Q

causative agent of syphilis

A

Treponema Pallidium

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26
Q

Uses a special condenser containing an annular (ring-shaped) diaphragm. The diaphragm allows light to pass through the condenser, focusing light on the specimen and a diffraction plate in the objective lens. Direct and reflected or diffracted light rays are brought together to produce the image. No staining required.

A

Phase-Contrast Microscope

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27
Q

it is used to facilitate detailed examination of the internal structures of living specimens

A

Phase-Contrast Microscope

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28
Q

forms halo around the image

very useful in examining living unpigmented cells

A

Phase-Contrast Microscope

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29
Q

Like phase-contrast, uses differences in refractive indexes to produce images. Uses two beams of light separated by prisms; the specimen appears colored as a result of the prism effect. No staining required

A

Differential Interference Microscope

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30
Q

TO provide Three-dimensional images

also called Nomarski Microscopy/ Nomarski Interference Contrast

A

Differential Interference Microscope

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31
Q

good in resolution compared to phase
contrast

it can give almost or nearly three
dimensional image

A

Differential Interference Microscope

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32
Q

Modulation Contrast

A

Hoffman

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33
Q

Differential Interference Contrast

A

Nomarski

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34
Q

Distinguishing Feature: Uses an ultraviolet or near ultraviolet source of illumination that causes fluorescent compounds (green-colored) in a specimen to emit light

A

Fluorescence Microscope

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35
Q

Principal Uses: For fluorescent-antibody techniques (immunofluorescence) to rapidly detect and identify microbes in tissues or clinical specimens

A

Fluorescence Microscope

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36
Q

Fluorescent compounds/ fluorescent dyes

A

Fluorochromes

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37
Q

Used in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Auramine O (color yellow)

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38
Q

Used in Bacillus anthracis

A

Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC)

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39
Q

causative agent of anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis (Apple Green)

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40
Q

Distinguishing Feature: uses a photon to illuminate one plane of a specimen at a time

A

Confocal Microscope

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41
Q

Principal Uses: to obtain two-and three- dimensional images of the cell for biomedical applications

A

Confocal Microscope

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42
Q

ELECTRON MICROSCOPES

A
  • Transmission
  • Scanning
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43
Q

Distinguishing Feature: Uses a beam of electrons instead of light; electrons pass through the specimen; because of the shorter wavelength electrons, structures smaller than 2 μm can be resolved. The image produced is two-dimensional.

A

Transmission Microscope

44
Q

Principal Uses: To examine viruses of the internal ultrastructure in thin sections of cells (usually magnified 10,000-100,000x)

A

Transmission Microscope

45
Q

Distinguishing Feature: Uses a beam of electrons instead pf light; electrons are reflected from the specimen; because of the shorter wavelength of electrons, structures smaller than 2 μm can be resolved. The image produced appears three dimensional.

A

Scanning Microscope

46
Q

Principal Uses: To study the surface features of cells and viruses (usually magnified 1000-10,000x)

A

Scanning Microscope

47
Q

Used to isolate or fractionate cell components based on size and density

A

Cell Fractionation

48
Q

This “__________________” results in a series of pellets, each containing different cell components.

A

differential centrifugation

49
Q

1000 g ; 10 minutes

A

Pellets are rich in nuclei and cellular debris

50
Q

20,000 g ; 20 minutes

A

Pellets are rich in mitochondria (and chloroplast if plant cells)

51
Q

80,000 g ; 60 minutes/ 1 hour

A

pellets are rich in microsomes

52
Q

150,000 g ; 3 hours

A

pellets rich in ribosomes

53
Q

The lower the speed, the larger the components. The higher the speed, the smaller the components/ pellets are. They are ______________________

A

inversely proportional

54
Q

THE THREE MAJOR DOMAINS

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Eukarya
55
Q

lack a membrane-bounded nucleus and mitochondria, are surrounded by a cell wall, and divides by binary fission

A

Bacteria

56
Q

cell walls lack peptidoglycan

share some common characteristics with
bacteria

can be stained Gram + and Gram -

A

Archaea

57
Q

cells contain an elaborate network of internal membranes, a membrane-bounded nucleus, and mitochondria

DNA is organized into true chromosomes, and a cell division takes place by means of mitosis

A

Eukarya

58
Q

Class Order of Family Species (KPCOFGS)

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

59
Q

Acellular Microorganism

A

Viruses

60
Q

Cellular Microorganisms

A

Prokaryotes
- Eubacteria
- Cyanobacteria
- Archaebacteria

Eukaryotes
- Parasites
- Fungi

61
Q

single-cell prokaryotic microorganism

A

Bacteria

62
Q

single-cell or multicellular eukaryotic
microorganisms

A

Fungi

63
Q

Unicellular, eukaryotic microorganisms

A

Yeasts

64
Q

single-cell or multicellular eukaryotic microorganisms (same with fungi)

A

Parasites

65
Q

dependent on host cells for survival and therefore are NOT CONSIDERED CELLULAR ORGANISMS BUT RATHER INFECTIOUS AGENTS

A

Viruses

66
Q

Unicellular organisms that lack a nuclear membrane and true nucleus

Classified as prokaryotes, having no mitochondria, ER, or Golgi Bodies

A

Bacteria

67
Q

Vary in size, morphology and cell-to-cell arrangements and in the chemical composition and structure of the cell wall

A

Bacterial Morphology

68
Q

bacterial cell wall differences provide the basis for the ______________

A

Gram Stain

69
Q

the most fundamental test used in bacterial identification

A

Gram Stain

70
Q

Most relevant clinically bacterial species range in size from ________ in width and ________ in length

A

0.25 to 1 μm; 1 to 3 μm

71
Q

bacterium is some __________ larger than a virus, and _________ smaller than a eukaryotic cell

A

hundred-fold; ten-fold

72
Q

___________ are far larger than bacteria

A

Parasites

73
Q

Viruses < Bacteria < Parasites

A

small to large

74
Q

circular bacterial shape

A

Cocci

75
Q

ovoid bacterial shape

A

Coccobacilli

76
Q

rod shaped bacteria

A

Bacillus

77
Q

tapered, pointed ends bacterial shape

A

Fusiform

78
Q

helical, like corkscrew

Spirochetes vary in length and in number of helical turns

A

Spiral

78
Q

curved bacterial shape

A

curved

79
Q

no defined shape

A

Pleomorphic

80
Q

examples of pleomorphic bacteria

A

Rhizobium and Corynebacterium

81
Q

T/F

All spirochetes are spiral; not all bacteria are spirochetes

A

True

82
Q

T/F

All bacteria are helical, but not all helical bacteria re called spirochetes

A

True

83
Q

Prokaryotes with no cell wall

A

Ureaplasma

Mycoplasma

84
Q

Prokaryotes with CHO and Sterol compounds

A

Ureaplasma

Mycoplasma

85
Q

units referring to sedimentation rates (unit of time) during high speed of centrifugation

A

Svedberg

86
Q

named after _____________, Nobel prize winner and inventor of the ultracentrifuge

A

Theodor Svedberg

87
Q

pairs

A

diplo-

88
Q

chains

A

strepto-

89
Q

grape-like structure

A

Staphylo-

90
Q

Group of four

A

Tetrad

91
Q

Group of eight

A

Sarcinae

92
Q

Palisades

A

side by side

93
Q

Cell Envelope comprises

A
  • Outer Membrane
  • Cell Wall
  • Periplasm or Periplasmic Space
  • Cytoplasmic or Cell Membrane
94
Q

found only in **gram-negative bacteria **

function as the cell’s initial barrier to the environment

A

Outer Membrane

95
Q

serve as primary permeability barriers to hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds and contain essential enzymes and other proteins located in the periplasmic space

bilayered structure composed of Lipopolysaccharide

A

Outer Membrane

96
Q

gives the surface of gram-negative bacteria a net negative charge

A

Lipopolysaccharide

97
Q

very important in evading phagocytosis and actions of complement (host’s defenses against foreign substances)

A

Net Negative Charge

98
Q

protein structures scattered throughout the lipopolysaccharide macromolecules

water-filled structures that control the passage of molecules/ nutrients (nucleotides, disaccharides, peptides, amino acid, vitamin B12 and iron) and other solutes, including antibiotics, through the outer membrane

A

Porins

99
Q

number and types of____ vary with bacterial species

influence the extent to which various substances pass through the outer membranes of different bacteria

A

Porins

100
Q

facilitate the attachment of the outer membrane to the next internal layer in the cell envelope, the cell wall

A

Murein Lipoproteins

101
Q

referred to as the peptidoglycan murein layer

gives the bacterial *cell shape and strength *to withstand changes in environmental osmotic pressure that would otherwise result in cell lysis

A

Cell Wall

102
Q

Composition of Cell Wall

A

A backbone composed of alternating sugar components N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) connected by B 1-4 linkage

103
Q

linked in rows by 10-65 sugars (glycan) which builds the carbohydrate (CHO) backbone

A

NAG and NAM

104
Q

linked by polypeptides (peptide/peptido)

A

NAG and NAM

105
Q

unique element of bacterial cell wall

A

Diaminopimelic Acid (DAP)

106
Q

interferes the linkage of your peptidoglycan

A

Penicillin

Cytogen (12 decks)

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