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Cytogen > Unit 3 - Global Structure of Chromosomes > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Global Structure of Chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

One complete set of your chromosomes

A

Genome

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2
Q

______ sizes can differ among different related organisms

A

Genome

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3
Q

One of the smallest viruses that has 4000 nucleotides

A

Macrophage MS2

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4
Q

Causative agent of lyme disease

Linear DNA with 910000 nucleotides or 910 kb (kilobase 10^3)

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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5
Q

has 4600 kb

A

Escherichia coli

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6
Q

has 13 mb (megabase 10^6)

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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7
Q

it is the raw material of inheritance and ultimately influences all aspects of the structure and functioning of the human body.

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

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8
Q

A single molecule of _______, along with associated proteins, comprises a chromosome.

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

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9
Q

Chromosomes are located in the nuclei of all human cells with the exemption of your mature RBCs

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

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10
Q

Each human cell contains 23 different pairs of
chromosomes that codes for protein molecules

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

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11
Q

Functional units of genetic information

A

GENE

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12
Q

Linear sequences of nitrogen bases

A

Gene

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13
Q

he was the first to provide evidence linking inherited disease and protein, particularly enzymes

A

ARCHIBALD GARROD

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14
Q

he discovered of inborn error of metabolism

A

ARCHIBALD GARROD

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15
Q

He noted that individuals with inborn error of metabolism lack certain enzymes

A

ARCHIBALD GARROD

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16
Q

Swiss physician and biochemist

He isolated the nuclei from WBC

A

FRIEDRICH MEISCHER

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17
Q

unusual acidic substance containing nitrogen and
phosphorus

Material that resides in cell nuclei

Also known as nucleic acids

A

NUCLEIN

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18
Q

Friedrich Meischer termed it nuclein on ______

A

1871

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19
Q

they hypothesized that a nucleic acid might be the “transforming principle”

The DNA passed from type S bacteria to type R bacteria, therefore, type R bacteria have the ability to manufacture its polysaccharide capsule that may cause the infection

A

OSWALD AVERY, COLIN MACLEOD and MACLYN
MCCARTY

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20
Q

Lacks homogentisic acid oxidase

A

ALKAPTONURIA

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21
Q

Kung wala itong homogentisic acid oxidase, magkakaroon ng accumulation ng homogentisic acid

A

ALKAPTONURIA

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22
Q

When homogentisic acid is exposed to _____, your urine will turn into color ______

A

air; black

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23
Q

Kapag merong homogentisic acid, it will turn into your _________

A

maleylacetoacetic acid

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24
Q

Other inborn errors discovered by Garrod

A

Albinism
Cystinuria

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25
Q

He discovered in 1929 a similar sugar— deoxyribose (DNA) —in other nucleic acids.

A

PHOEBUS LEVENE

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26
Q

he identified the 5-carbon sugar ribose (RNA) as part
of some nucleic acids,

A

PHOEBUS LEVENE

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27
Q

he discovered that the three parts of a nucleic acid are present in equal proportions
1. Sugar
2. Nitrogen base
3. Phosphorus group

Ribose and deoxyribose is the major chemical distinction between your DNA and RNA

A

PHOEBUS LEVENE

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28
Q

he noticed that mice with a certain form of pneumonia harbored one of two types of Diplococcus pneumoniae

A

FREDERICK GRIFFITH

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29
Q

Dismantle protein pero namatay pa rin yung daga

A

PROTEASE

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30
Q

Dismantle DNA

prevents the transformation, so nabuhay yung daga

Narealize nila na yung DNA pala ang cause kung bakit nagdedevelop ng pneumonia

A

DNase

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31
Q

two types of diplococcus pneumoniae

A

Type R
Type S

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32
Q

When it is injected sa mice, it will not develop pneumonia

A

Type R

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33
Q

Develop pneumonia

Namatay yung daga as you can see huhu

Merong polysaccharide capsule

A

Type S

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34
Q

ADDITIONAL NOTES IN TYPES OF DIPLOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE

A
  • napansin nila na pag heat killed yung bacteria eh
    walang nadedevelop na pneumonia pero hindi nila
    alam na may naiwang intact DNA
  • minix nila yung type R and type S tapos namatay yung
    daga, kasi may naiwan pa rin na intact DNA
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35
Q

he showed that DNA in several species contains equal amounts of the bases adenine and thymine, and equal amounts of the bases guanine and cytosine

Yung mga may complementary pairs
lang ang equal amount

A

ERWIN CHARGAFF

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36
Q

Nitrogen bases are not present in equal amounts

A

Chargaff rule

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37
Q

they bombarded DNA with X rays using a technique called X-ray diffraction, then deduced the overall structure of the molecule from the patterns in which the X rays were deflected

A

MAURICE WILKINS & ROSALIND FRANKLIN

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38
Q

She distinguished two forms of DNA—a dry, crystalline “A” form, which had been well-studied, and the wetter type seen in cells, the “B” form.

The molecule was a sleek helix, and revealed the
position of the phosphates

A

ROSALIND FRANKLIN

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39
Q

Who showed Rosalind Franklin’s photo 51 to James Watson?

A

Maurice Wikins

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40
Q

Clear image of DNA

A

Photo 51 (May 1952)

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41
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin,
James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins

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42
Q

They received the Nobel prize for the DNA structure discovery

A

James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins

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43
Q

Ginamit nila yung image (photo 51) and yung experiments ni Wilkins and Franklin para magkaroon ng clearer image / structure ng DNA

Deciphered the structure of DNA with the use of series of experiments made by Wilkins and Franklin

A

JAMES WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK

44
Q

He isolated nuclein in white blood cell nuclei

A

Friedrich Miescher

45
Q

When did Friedrich Miescher isolate nuclein in white blood cell nuclei?

A

1869

46
Q

He transferred killing ability between types of bacteria

A

Frederick Griffith

47
Q

When did Frederick Griffith transfer killing ability between types of bacteria?

A

1928

48
Q

They discovered that DNA transmits killing ability in bacteria

A

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod & Maclyn McCarty

49
Q

When did Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod & Maclyn McCarty discover that DNA transmits killing ability in bacteria?

A

1940s

50
Q

They determined that the part of a virus that infects and replicates is its nucleic acid and not its protein

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

51
Q

When did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase determine that the part of a virus that infects and replicates is its nucleic acid and not its protein?

A

1950

52
Q

They discovered DNA components, proportions and positions

A

Phoebus Levene, Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

53
Q

When did Phoebus Levene. Erwin Chargaff, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin discover DNA components, proportions and positions?

A

1909-early 1950s

54
Q

They elucidated DNA’s three-dimensional structure

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

55
Q

When did James Watson and Francos Crick elucidate DNA’s three-dimensional structure?

A

1953

56
Q

He had his genome sequenced

A

James Watson

57
Q

James Watson had his genome sequenced. What year?

A

2008

58
Q

A single building block of DNA.

A

NUCLEOTIDE

59
Q

Composition of nucleotide

A

Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen bases

60
Q

phosphorous atom bonded with 4 oxygen
atoms

A

Phosphate group

61
Q

purines and pyrimidines

A

Nitrogen bases

62
Q

Adenine and Guanine; it has 2 rings structure

A

Purines

63
Q

Thymine and Cytosine; single ring structure

A

Pyrimidines

64
Q

the information-containing parts of DNA because they form sequences.

A

Nitrogen bases

65
Q

Genetic information is determined by the order of bases

A

Nitrogen bases

66
Q

Nucleotides join into long chains when chemical bonds form between the deoxyribose sugars and the phosphates

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone

67
Q

The opposing orientation of the two nucleotide chains in a DNA molecule is called

Two chains of nucleotides align head-to-toe.

A

antiparallelism

68
Q

One chain/ one strand of the double helix runs from 5’ or “5 prime” to 3’ or “3 prime” and the other chain runs from 3’ to 5’

It will be evident if we indicate numbers.

Arise from the orientation of the deoxyribose sugars

A

antiparallelism

69
Q

Dotted lines that hold the nitrogenous bases of one strand to the nitrogenous bases of the second strand.

Nitrogenous bases are bonded with _______

A

Hydrogen bonds

70
Q

DNA forms a double helix when the antiparallel, base paired strands twist about one another in a regular fashion.

The DNA in a single diploid cell or single human diploid cell, stretched out, would be approximately 2 meters in length.
- It needs to be condensed so that it will fit on the nucleus
- With the use of proteins like histones, macocondense natin siya.

A

DNA ORGANIZATION

71
Q

DNA coils around proteins called _______, forming a beads-on-a-string-like structure

A

HISTONES

72
Q

Types of Histones (8)

A

2 molecules of H2A
2 molecules of H2B
2 molecules of H3
2 molecules of H4

73
Q

8 histones will form protein core that is also known as _______

-The double-helix DNA winds twice around this _______ to form a 10 nanometer nucleosome/ beads-on-a string-like structure

A

OCTAMER

74
Q

The bead part is called a ________

It is linked/ pulled together by a linker segment
- Linker segment- histone H1

DNA —> coiling of DNA —> Proteins (histones) will form nucleosome —-> nucleosome with further coiling will form 30 nm solenoid  with further coiling and condensation of solenoid it will form highly compacted chromosome
- Chromosome reaches greatest extent of
condensation that will occur during
mitotic metaphase

A

NUCLEOSOME

75
Q

The chromosome substance is called ______,
which means “colored body”

A

CHROMATIN

76
Q

COMPOSITION OF HISTONES

A

Aralin niyo yung table HAHAHA

77
Q

TYPES OF DNA

A

Unique sequence DNA
Highly repetitive DNA
Middle repetitive DNA

78
Q

It contains single copy

Examples are genes that owed for protein

Most common type of DNA

It composes 75% of the human genome

A

Unique sequence DNA

79
Q

Occur for more than 105 copies

Seen in telomeres

A

Highly repetitive DNA

80
Q

102 to 104 copies

Seen in centromeres

A

Middle repetitive DNA

81
Q

DIFFERENT AREAS OF CHROMOSOMES

A

CENTROMERES
TELOMERES
NUCLEOLAR ORGANIZER REGIONS (NOR)
CHROMATIN
EUCHROMATIN
HETEROCHROMATIN

82
Q

constriction visible on metaphase chromosomes where the two sister chromatids are joined together.

Site of chromosomes

Attachment portion/ point/ site for spindle microtubules during cell division

Interaction with the mitotic spindle during cell division occurs at the this region

A

CENTROMERES

83
Q

protein complex in
centromeres

A

Kinetochore

84
Q

Types of Centromeres

A

Metacentric
Acrocentric
Submetacentric
Acentric
Dicentric

85
Q

Near one end

A

Acrocentric

86
Q

The centromere is located near the middle

A

Metacentric

87
Q

Between the middle and end

A

Submetacentric

88
Q

Lacks centromere

A

Acentric

89
Q

Two centromere

A

Dicentric

90
Q

physical ends of chromosomes

protective caps to chromosome ends

A

Telomeres

91
Q

prevent and end fusion of chromosomes

Prevent DNA degradation

A

Telomeres

92
Q

contain tandem repeats of the nitrogenous base sequence TTA GGG at the chromosome ends

Maraming G - it is sometimes called G rich tail

A

Telomeres

93
Q

Telomere length gradually _______ with the aging process and with ________ numbers of cell divisions in culture

A

decreases; increased

94
Q

decreased length of telomeres are caused of the _________________

A

Tumor suppressors mechanism

95
Q

Cells that have defective or unstable telomerase will exhibit ___________ of chromosome that will lead to ___________________

A

shortening; chromosome instability and cell death

96
Q

It is where the nucleolar form

Site of the ribosomal RNA genes

Production of rRNA

A

Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NOR)

97
Q

Chromatin COMPOSITION

A

30% of histone proteins
30% of DNA binding proteins
30% of DNA
10% of RNA

98
Q

loosely organized, extended, and uncoiled.

Active chromatin

contains active, early replicating genes, and stains lightly with GTG banding techniques

A

Euchromatin

99
Q

GTG banding techniques

A

GTG banding by Giemsa with Trypsin

100
Q

Genetically inactive, late replicating during the synthesis (S) phase of mitosis, and are highly contracted.

A

Heterochromatin

101
Q

Types of Heterochromatin

A

CONSTITUTIVE Heterochromatin
FACULTATIVE Heterochromatin

102
Q

Consists of simple repeats of nitrogenous bases that are generally located around the centromeres of all chromosomes and at the distal end of the Y chromosome.

A

Constitutive Heterochromatin

103
Q

Constantly inactive

The only established function of _____ is the regulation of crossing over.

A

Constitutive Heterochromatin

104
Q

important in cell division, exchange of gene from one’s chromatids to another

A

Crossing over

105
Q

Regulates gene function

Silently inactive;
SILENCED

A

Facultative Heterochromatin

106
Q

One X chromosome of female is randomly inactivated

This inactivated X chromosome is condensed in interphase and replicates during S-phase

A

Facultative Heterochromatin

Cytogen (12 decks)

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