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Cytogen > Unit 4 - Cell Cycle Episode 1 > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Cell Cycle Episode 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic Information must be copied

Copies of genetic information must be separated

Cell must divide

A

Cell Reproduction

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2
Q

Single, circularly arranged chromosomes are replicated

Identical copies are attached to the plasma membrane

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

Grows and gradually separation into two chromosomes

A new cell wall forms between two chromosomes

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

PROKARYOTES - Cell Results

A

Two cells with an identical copy of a chromosome

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5
Q

Each bacterium can divide every ___________; a single bacteria may produce millions or billions of descendants in a matter of ___________.

A

20 minutes; 10-20 hours

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6
Q
  1. DNA replication
  2. Copy separation
  3. Cytoplasm division

More complex in ______

A

Eukaryotes

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7
Q

EUKARYOTES - Results

A

Two genetically identical daughter

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8
Q

Autosomes no. of pairs

A

22 pairs

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9
Q

Sex chromosomes no. of pairs

A

1 pair

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10
Q

two sets of genetic information

not all eukaryotic cells are ____

A

Diploid

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11
Q

one set of genetic information

sperm cells, egg cells, spores

A

Haploid

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12
Q

THREE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF
FUNCTIONAL CHROMOSOME

A

Centromere

Pair of Telomeres

Origin of Replication

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13
Q

attachment point of spindle microtubules
(filaments responsible for moving chromosomes during cell division)

constricted region that stains less strongly than the rest of the chromosome

A

Centromere

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14
Q

natural tips or ends of the linear chromosomes

stabilizes the chromosome ends

A

Pair of Telomeres

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15
Q

it is where the DNA synthesis begins

A

Origin of Replication

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16
Q

sequence of activities as a cell prepares for
division and then divides

A

Cell Cycle

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17
Q

Cell Cycle - Two Major Stages

A

Interphase

M phase / Mitotic

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18
Q

Non dividing Stage

A

Interphase

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19
Q

Dividing Stage

A

M phase / Mitotic

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20
Q

cell duplicates its chromosomes, then apportions one set into each of two resulting daughter cells

somatic cells

A

MITOSIS

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21
Q

half the amount of genetic material in
somatic cells

germ sex cells

A

MEIOSIS

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22
Q

prokaryotic cells | Binary Fission

A

Reproduction

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23
Q

normal wear and tear accidents

A

Renewal Or Repair

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24
Q

gives rise to two somatic cells from one

A

Mitosis

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25
Q

form of cell death

Greek for “leaves falling from a tree”, is a precise, genetically programmed sequence of events that is normal part of development

A

APOPTOSIS

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26
Q

Greek of Apoptosis

A

“Leaves Falling From Tree”

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27
Q

is just part of the cell cycle

includes both mitosis and cytokinesis, is usually the shortest of the cell

A

MITOSIS

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28
Q

the mitotic phase alternates with a much longer stage called interphase, which often accounts for about ____ of the cycle

A

90%

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29
Q

can be divided into subphases:
the G1 (first Gap), the S phase (Synthesis), and the G2 (second Gap)

A

Interphase

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30
Q

The G phases were misnamed as _____ when they were first observed because the cells appeared _______, but we now know that intense metabolic activity and growth occur
throughout interphase

A

gaps; inactive

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31
Q

it is the extended period of growth and development between cell divisions

A

Interphase

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32
Q

although little activity can be observed with a light, the cell is quite busy: DNA is being synthesized, RNA and proteins are being produced, and hundreds of biochemical reactions necessary for cellular functions are taking place

A

Interphase

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33
Q

in addition to growth and development, _________ includes several different checkpoints which regulate the cell cycle by
allowing or prohibiting the cell’s division

A

Interphase

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34
Q

these checkpoints, like the checkpoints in ______, ensure that all cellular components are present and in good working order before cell proceeds to the next stage

A

M phase

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35
Q

__________ are necessary to prevent cells with damaged or missing chromosomes from
proliferating

A

checkpoints

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36
Q

defects in __________ can lead to unregulated cell growth, as seen in some caners

A

checkpoints

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37
Q

by convention, interphase is divided into
three subphases:

A

G1, S, G2

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38
Q

interphase begins with ____

in ____, the cell grows, and proteins (including
lipids and carbohydrates) necessary for cell
division are synthesized; this phase typically
lasts several hours

A

Gap 1

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39
Q

a critical point termed the _____________holds the cell G1 until the cell has all the enzymes necessary for the replication of DNA

A

G1/S Checkpoint

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40
Q

before reaching the G1/S checkpoint, cells
may exit from the active cell cycle in response
to regulatory signals and pass into a nondividing phase called _________, which is a stable state during which cells usually maintain constant size

A

G0 Phase

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41
Q

after G1, the cell enters the _________ (for DNA
synthesis), in which each chromosomes
duplicate

A

S Phase

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42
Q

________must take place before the cell can
proceed to mitosis

A

DNA Synthesis

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43
Q

the cell will not be able to undergo
mitosis if DNA Synthesis is blocked by

A

drugs or by mutation

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44
Q

before the S phase, each chromosome is
____________; after the S phase, each
chromosome is composed of ____________

A

unreplicated; two chromatids

45
Q

During _________, the cell replicates its entire
genome

A

S Phase

46
Q

as a result, each chromosome then consists
of two copies joined at an area called the
____________

A

centromere

47
Q

in most human cells, S phase take place ______________

A

8 - 10 hours

48
Q

many proteins are also synthesized during
this phase, including those that form the ___________ that will pull the chromosome apart

A

mitotic spindle

49
Q

after the S phase, the cell enters _________

in this phase, several additional biochemical
events necessary for cell division takes place

A

Gap 2

50
Q

more proteins are synthesized during this
phase

A

Gap 2

51
Q

membranes are assembled from molecules
made during G1 and are stored a ________________

A

small, empty vesicles beneath the plasma membrane

52
Q

these ________ will merge with plasma
membrane to enclose the two daughter cells

A

vesicles

53
Q

the important _____________ is reached
near the end of G2

A

G2/M

54
Q

___________ can inhibit the activation of
some proteins that are necessary for mitosis to take place

A

damaged DNA

55
Q

after the G2/M checkpoint has been passed,
the cell is ready to divide and enters the _________

A

M phase

56
Q

although the length of interphase varies from
cell type to cell type, a typical dividing
mammalian cell spends about ______ in g1, ________ in S, and ______ in G2

A

10 hours; 9 hours; 4 hours

57
Q

as ________ begins, the replicated
chromosomes are condensed enough o be
visible, when stained, under a microscope

A

Mitosis

58
Q

the two long stands of identical chromosomal
material in a replicated chromosome are called

A

chromatids

59
Q

at a certain point during ______, a replicated
chromosome’s centromere splits, allowing its
chromatid pair to separate into two individual chromosomes (although the centromere of a replicated chromosome appears as a constriction, its DNA is replicated)

A

mitosis

60
Q

Mitosis occurs in both ______ and _____ cells

A

haploid; diploid

61
Q

Mitosis is conventionally broken down into five stages: (PPMAT)

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

62
Q

Overlapping with the latter stages of mitosis,
___________ completes the mitotic phase

A

cytokinesis

63
Q

in the G2 stage of the cell cycle, just prior to
the start of M, each chromosome consists of
two sister chromatids, and the centrioles have duplicated to produce two pairs

A

Prophase

64
Q

In prophase, the ________ condenses, so
they gradually appear shorter and fatter under the microscope

A

Chromatin

65
Q

by late prophase, each chromosome which
was duplicated during the preceding S phase of interphase, can be seen to consists of ____________

A

two sister chromatids

66
Q

while condensation is occurring, the
__________ shrinks and eventually disappears in most species

A

nucleolus

67
Q

many mitotic events depend on the ____________, a structure consisting of fibers composed of microtubules made of special proteins called __________

A

mitotic spindle (spindle apparatus); tubulins

68
Q

the ____________assembles outside the
nucleus during prophase

A

mitotic spindle

69
Q

in most animal cells, the centrioles are ______________; higher plant cells
usually ___________ but they do have a
mitotic spindle

A

focal points for spindle assembly; lack centrioles

70
Q

then, during mitosis, each new centriole pair
becomes the focus of a radial array of
microtubules called the _______

A

aster

71
Q

the nuclear envelope breaks down at the end
of prophase, denoting the beginning of ______

the developing spindle now enters the former nuclear area

A

Prometaphase

72
Q

a specialized multiprotein complex called a
__________ binds to each centromere

A

kinetochore

73
Q

the kinetochores are the sites for the
attachment of the chromosomes to the spindle microtubules known as ____________

A

kinetochore microtubules

74
Q

spindle microtubules that do not bind to kinetochores

also originate from each spindle pole and
overlap in the middle of the spindle

A

Nonkinetochore microtubules

75
Q

the kinetochore microtubules orient the chromosomes so that their centromeres become aligned at the _____________, a plane halfway between the two spindles poles, with long axes of the chromosomes oriented at 90 degrees to the spindle axis

A

metaphase plate

75
Q

the centrosomes, now at opposite ends of
the cell with microtubules radiating outward and meeting in the middle of the cell, center at the spindle poles

A

Metaphase

76
Q

a ______________________ ensures that
each chromosome is aligned on the metaphase plate and attached to spindle fibers from the opposite poles

A

spindle-assembly checkpoint

77
Q

it had been accepted for many years that
metaphase chromosomes are the _____________ form of chromosomes in mitosis
(and meiosis)

A

most condensed

78
Q

recently, examination of __________________________________ taken with high power microscopes has revealed that further chromosomes condensation occurs just after the chromosome have finished separating in the subsequent anaphase stage. This late condensation serves to minimize the potential problem of chromosome arms extending over the plane of division, which could result in mechanical
damage to the chromosomes

A

3D reconstructions of microscope images of living mammalian cells

79
Q

Anaphase begins suddenly when the _______ holding together the sister chromatids of each chromosome are cleaved by an enzyme called ______

A

cohesins; separase

80
Q

once separated, the chromatids become ______________ that move toward
opposite ends of the cell

A

full fledged chromosomes

81
Q

during anaphase, the joined centromeres of
sister chromatids separate, giving rise to ______________

A

two daughter chromosomes

82
Q

once the paired kinetochores on each
chromosome separate, the sister chromatid
pairs undergo ____________ and the daughter chromosomes move toward the
opposite poles

A

disjunction (separation)

83
Q

the daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the opposite poles of the cell by the shortening microtubules attached to the kinetochore

A

Anaphase

83
Q

the microtubules that connect the chromosomes to the spindle poles are
composed of subunits of a protein called _____

A

tubulin

84
Q

chromosome movement is due to the disassembly of _____________ at both the kinetochore end (called the end) and the spindle end (called the end) of the spindle fiber

A

tubulin

84
Q

special proteins called ___________________ disassemble tubulin molecules from the spindle and generate forces that pull the chromosome toward the spindle pole

A

molecular motors

85
Q

at the start of _________, the two sets of daughter chromosomes are assembled into two groups of opposite ends of the cell

A

telophase

86
Q

the chromosomes begin to uncoil and assume the elongated sate characteristic of interphase

A

telophase

86
Q

a nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes, the spindle microtubules disappear, and the nucleolus or nucleoli reform

A

Telophase

87
Q

at this point, nuclear division is complete, and the new cell now has two nuclei

A

Telophase

87
Q

is the division of cytoplasm usually, it follows the nuclear division stage of mitosis and is
completed by the end of telophase

A

Cytokinesis

87
Q

compartmentalizes the two new nuclei into separate daughter cells, completing mitosis and cell.

A

Cytokinesis

87
Q

In animal cells, __________ occurs by a process known as cleavage

A

cytokinesis

88
Q

the first sign of cleavage is the appearance of a _____________, a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

A

cleavage furrow

89
Q

on the cytoplasmic side of the furrow is a contractile ring of actin microfilaments associated with molecules of the protein ______

A

myosin

90
Q

the actin microfilaments interact with the
myosin molecules, causing the ring to _______

A

contract

91
Q

Stable, nondividing period of variable length

A

G0 phase

92
Q

Growth and development of the cell; G1/S checkpoint

A

G1 phase

93
Q

Synthesis of DNA

A

S phase

94
Q

Preparation for division; G2/M checkpoint

A

G2 phase

95
Q

Chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle forms

A

Prophase

96
Q

Nuclear envelope disintegrates, and spindle microtubules anchor to kinetochores

A

Prometaphase

97
Q

Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate: spindle-assembly checkpoint

A

Metaphase

98
Q

Sister chromatids separate, becoming individual chromosomes that migrate toward spindle poles

A

Anaphase

99
Q

Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles, the nuclear envelope re-forms, and the condensed chromosomes relax

A

Telophase

100
Q

Cytoplasm divides; cell wall forms in plant cells

A

Cytokinesis

101
Q

from a single cell, the cell cycle produces two
cells that contain the same genetic instructions

the resulting daughter cells are genetically
identical with each other and with their parent
cell because DNA synthesis in the S phase
creates an exact copy of each DNA molecule,
giving rise to two genetically identical sister
chromatids

mitosis then ensures that one of the two
sister chromatids form each replicated
chromosome passes into each new cell

A

Genetic Consequences of the Cell Cycle

Cytogen (12 decks)

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