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Cytogen > Unit 2 - The Cell Episode 5 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - The Cell Episode 5 Flashcards

1
Q

are membrane enclosed compartments associated with all the endocytic pathways

restricted to a portion of the cytoplasm near the cell membrane

A

Early endosomes

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2
Q

are vesicles originating in early endosomes travelling to deeper structures in the cytoplasm

Typically mature into lysosomes

A

Late endosomes

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3
Q

Early endosomes - Cellular localization

A

found in the more peripheral cytoplasm

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4
Q

Early endosomes - Morphology

A

have a tubulovesicular structure

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5
Q

Early endosomes - State of acidification

A

exhibits only a slightly acidic environment (pH 6.2 to 6.5) than the cytoplasm of the cell

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6
Q

Early endosomes - Function

A

to sort and recycle (ang clathrin and adaptin) proteins internalized by endocytotic pathways

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7
Q
  • Essential Enzyme
  • mature into lysosomes
A

Late endosomes

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8
Q

Late endosomes - cellular localization

A

positioned near the Golgi apparatus and the nucleus

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9
Q

Late endosomes - Morphology

A

have a more complex structure and often exhibit onionlike internal

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10
Q

Late endosomes - State of acidification

A

more acidic, averaging 5.5

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11
Q

Inactive precursor of hydrolase)

released by the late endosomes

A

Prohydrolase

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12
Q

This help package the hydrolases into vesicles that bud from the trans-golgi network to deliver their contents to endosomes that ultimately will develop into mature lysosomes

A

Mannose-6-Phosphate receptor (M6P receptor)

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13
Q

Endosomes can be viewed either as __________ cytoplasmic organelles or as ________________________

A

stable; transient structures

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14
Q

Two different models that explain the origin and formation of the endosomal compartments in the cell:

A

Stable Compartment Model
Maturation model

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15
Q

describes early and late endosomes as stable cellular

A

Stable Compartment Model

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16
Q

endosomes and then to lysosomes early endosomes are formed then matures to late endosomes and then to lysosomes

A

Maturation Model

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17
Q

digestive organelle

A

Lysosomes

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18
Q

Spherical, with 0.05-0.5 μm diameter

Present a uniformly granular, electro-dense appearance in TEM

A

Lysosomes

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19
Q

Lysosomes is a membrane-limited vesicles that contain about

A

40 hydrolytic enzymes

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20
Q

Lysosomes has lysosomal enzymes that can be seen using

A

histochemical procedure

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21
Q

Lysosomal enzymes synthesized in the rER (rough ER) and sorted in the golgi apparatus based on their binding ability to

A

M-6-P receptors (Mannose-6-Phosphate receptor)

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22
Q

Most common are hydrolases:

A

PROTEASOMES, NUCLEASES, PHOSPHATASES, PHOSPHOLIPASES SULFATASE, BETA- GLUCURONIDASE

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23
Q

Lysosomes have a unique membrane that is resistant to the hydrolytic digestion occurring in their _____

A

lumen

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24
Q

Lysosomal membrane has unusual phospholipid structure that contains cholesterol and a unique lipid called

A

Lysobisphosphatidic acid

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25
Q

lysosome-associated membrane proteins (lamps), lysosomal membrane glycoproteins (Igps), and lysosomal integral membrane proteins (limps).

represent more than 50% of the total membrane of the proteins

A

Membrane proteins

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26
Q

Lysosomes and late endosomes contain _________ and __________ that transport the final products of digestion.

A

proton (H) pumps; transport proteins

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27
Q

proteins are synthesized in the rER and have specific lysosomal targeting signals.

A

lysosomal membrane

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28
Q

an agent used in the treatment and prevention of malaria, is a lysosomotropic agent that accumulates in the lysosomes. It raises the pH of the lysosomal content, thereby inactivating many lysosomal enzymes. (By raising pH)

A

Chloroquine

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29
Q

causative agent of Malaria

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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30
Q

The action of chloroquine on lysosomes accounts for its antimalarial activity; the drug concentrates in the acidic food vacuole of the malaria parasite (Major digestive organelle) and interferes with its digestive processes, eventually

A

killing the parasite

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31
Q

Three pathways of material delivery for intracellular digestion in lysosomes:

A

Extracellular large particles
Extracellular small particles
Intracellular particles

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32
Q

such as bacteria, cell debris, and other foreign matenals are engulfed in the process of phagocytosis

A

Extracellular large particles

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33
Q

phagocytosis occur through your

A

phagosomes

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34
Q

such as extracellular proteins, plasma-membrane proteins, and ligand- receptor complexes are internalized by pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Extracellular small particles

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35
Q

such as entire organelles, cytoplasmic proteins, and other cellular components are isolated from the cytoplasmic matrix by endoplasmic reticulum membranes, transported to lysosomes, and degraded- autophagy

A

Intracellular particles

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36
Q

Three well-characterized pathways of autophagy:

A

Macro- autophagy
Micro- autophagy
Chaperone- mediated autophagy

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37
Q

____________ is a nonspecific process

A portion of the cytoplasm or an entire organelle is first surrounded by the isolation membrane of endoplasmic reticulum, to form a vacuole called _____________which matures into lysosomes

Isolation membrane disintegrates within the hydrolytic compartment of a lysosome

A

Macroautophagy; autophagosomes

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38
Q

is also a nonspecific process

Cytoplasmic proteins are degraded in a slow, continuous process under normal physiologic conditions

Small cytoplasmic soluble proteins are internalized by invagination of the lysosomal membrane

A

Microautophagy

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39
Q

the action or process of being turned inside out or folded back on itself

A

invagination

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40
Q

is a selective process of protein degradation

This process is activated during nutrient deprivation and responsible for the degradation of approximately 30% of cytoplasmic proteins in organs such as the liver and kidney

A

Chaperone-mediated autophagy

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41
Q

Chaperone-mediated autophagy requires assistance from specific cytosolic chaperones such as heat-shock chaperone protein called

A

hsc73

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42
Q

Secondary lysosome) 0.2 - 2 UM

active organelles, are generally somewhat larger and have more heterogenous appearance in the TEM because of the wide variety of materials they may be digesting

A

Heterolysosomes

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43
Q

a debris-filled vacuole resulting from hydrolytic breakdown of the contents of lysosomes

Normal feature of cell aging

Can accumulate as lipofuscin (Lipid-containing residual of lysosomal digestion)

A

Residual body

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44
Q

Residual body is also known as

A

Telolysosomes

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45
Q

are cause by pathologic accumulation of undigested substrate in residual bodies due to absence of certain lysosomal enzymes

A

Lysosomal storage diseases

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46
Q
  • lysosomal membrane mutation
    Accumulation of autophagic vacuole
A

Danon disease

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47
Q

Lack of lysosomal acid lipase

lipid product will accumulate (ex. cholestera esters, TAG (Trigylcerol))

A

Wolman disease

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48
Q

absence of lipids

deficiency of Gluco-cerebrosidase

A

Gaucher disease

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49
Q

lipids accumulate in brain cells

B-Hexoaminodase A deficiency

A

Tay-Sachs disease

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50
Q

build up of harmful amount of lipids

B-hexoaminodase deficiency

A

Sandhoff disease

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51
Q

abnormal amount of lipids build up

Sphinomyelinase deficiency

A

Niemann-pick disease

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52
Q

absence of a-1-4 glucosidase

glycogen will aggravate

A

Pompe disease

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53
Q

no protein aspartoacylase

A

Canavan disease

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54
Q

lysosomal membrane problem

Accumulation of cysteine

A

Cystinosis

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55
Q

Break songs:

A

Bibingka
Leaves
Araw-araw

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56
Q

protein destruction

is used by cells to destroy abnormal proteins that are misfolded, denaturated, or contain abnormal amino acids

A

Proteasome-mediated degradation

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57
Q

It also degrades normal short-lived regulatory proteins that need to be rapidly inactivated and degraded such as mitotic cyclins that regulate cell-cycle progression, transcriptional factors, tumor suppressors, or tumor promoters

A

Proteasome-mediated degradation

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58
Q

Individual ubiquitin molecules are activated by:

A

E1 - ubiquitin activating enzymes
E2 - ubiquitin conjugating enzymes
E3 - ubiquitin protein-ligase enzymes

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59
Q

how many molecule of ubiquitin to gave a ubiquitin chain

A

4

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60
Q

occurs when Ubiquitin molecules are attached end-to-end to a single lysine residue on a substrate protein to form a poly-ubiquitin chain

A

Polyubiquitination

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61
Q

Malfunction of proteasome-mediated degradation:

A
  • Loss of proteasome function because of mutations in the system of ubiquitin (once magkaroon ng ubiquitin) activating enzymes that leads to a decrease in protein degradation and their subsequent accumulation in the cell cytoplasm
  • Accelerated degradation of proteins by overexpressed proteins involved in system
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62
Q

convoluted membranous network

Extends from the surface of the nucleus to the cell membrane

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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63
Q

RER encloses a series of intercommunicating channels and sac, called _______

With the TEM, the rER appears as a series of interconnected, membrane-limited, flattened sacs membrane called ______ with particles studding the exterior surface of the

A

cisternae

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64
Q

Functions of RER

A
  • synthesis and segregation of proteins not - -
  • destined for the cytosol
  • initial glycosilation of glycoproteins
  • posttranslational modification of newly formed polypeptide
  • assembly of multichain proteins
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65
Q

The protein synthetic system of the cell:

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes

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66
Q

The cytoplasm of a variety of cells engaged chiefly in protein synthesis are ________ due to presence of RNA

A

basophilic

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67
Q

The ________ in secretory cells is the light microscopic image of the organelle called the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

ergastoplasm

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68
Q

portion of the cells that stains with basic dye

A

Ergastoplasm

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69
Q

Protein synthesis the two processes:

A

Transcription
Translation

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70
Q

production of proteins by the cell begins within the nucleus in which the genetic code for a protein is transcribed from DNA to pre-mRNA then to mRNA after post- transcriptional modifications

A

Transcription

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71
Q

in which the coded message contained in the mRNA is read by ribosomal complexes to form a polypeptide

A

Translation

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72
Q

many ribosomes are formed by binding of single cytoplasmic mRNA to many ribosomes

A

Polyribosome complex

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73
Q

can translate single mRNA

  • Can produce many copies of protein

Attach to the cytoplasmic surface of rER

A

Polyribosome complex

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74
Q

Polyribosome complex is also known as

A

polysomes

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75
Q

renders the rER unable to export 1-antitrypsin (A1AT), a single amino acid substitution

This leads to decreased activity of A1AT in the blood and lungs and abnormal deposition of defective A1AT within the rER of liver hepatocytes, resulting in emphysema (COPD) and impaired liver function.

A

alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (A1AT)

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76
Q

Several types of ________ inhibit protein synthesis by binding to different portions of bacterial ribosomes

A

antibiotics

77
Q

ex of aminoglycosides

A

(gentamicin, chloramphenicol, fusidic acid) (erythromycin, mutamycin)

78
Q

non-membranous organelle

Site of protein synthesis which will be transmitted to Golgi complex for packaging and secretion out of the cell

A

Ribosomes

79
Q

Svedberg unit of ribosomes

A

Prokaryotes = 30s - 50s = 70S
Eukaryotes = 40s - 60s = 80s

80
Q

Ribosomes in cytosol has four segments of rRNA and approximately____ different proteins

A

80

81
Q

have two subunits of different sizes and act to catalyze the process of protein translation

A

Bound to mRNA

82
Q

ribosomes occupying a single mRNA

intensely basophilic, because of numerous phosphate group present

A

Polyribosomes

83
Q

exhibits eosinophilia

lack bound polyribosomes
continuous with RER

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

84
Q

cisternae are often more tubular and appear as interconnected channels

not basophilic and best seen in TEM

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

85
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum functions:

A
  • glycogen and lipid metabolism
  • detoxification reactions
  • temporary Ca2+ sequestration
  • phospholipid synthesis
86
Q

very important in lipid metabolism and principle organelles for detoxification and conjugation of noxious organelles

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

87
Q

Because of these widely disparate functions, numerous other enzymes are associated with the SER, depending on its functional role including

A

hydrolases, methylases, glucose-6- phosphatase, ATPases, and lipid oxidases

88
Q

cannot be stained using H & E staining (Hemotoxin and Eosin staining)

composed of smooth membranous saccules containing enzymes

A

Golgi Apparatus

89
Q

Golgi apparatus is named after

A

Camillo Golgi

90
Q

Camillo Golgi discovered Golgi Apparatus in

A

1898

91
Q

Golgi Apparatus functions:

A
  • Completes posttranslational
  • modifications of proteins
  • Packages and addresses proteins to proper destinations
92
Q

small membrane-enclosed carriers where material from RER move to the Golgi apparatus

A

Transport vesicles

93
Q

has a flattened cisternae located closes to RER

A

cis-golgi-network (cis face)

94
Q

larger saccules or vacoules carry completed proten produce organelles away from the golgi

A

Shipping or trans face (trans-golgi-network)

95
Q

complex coated transport vesicle

A

Cop II (co-protein II ) complex

96
Q

undergo a series of post-translational modifications that involve remodeling of N-linked oligosaccharides previously added in the ER as they travel through the Golgi stacks

A

Proteins and lipids

97
Q

middle of trans and cis face

A

medial-golgi-network

98
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelles with arrays of enzymes specialized for aerobic respiration and production of ATP

are usually elongated structures with diameter of 0.5-1.0 um and length up to ten times greater

A

Mitochondria

99
Q

Mitochondria is present in all cell Except in

A

RBC and terminal keratinocytes

100
Q

A CELL WITHIN A CELL

A

Mitochondria

101
Q

-has mitochondrial DNA that encode 13 enzymes
- has 2 rRNA and 22tRNA
- Complete system of protein synthesis

A

Mitochondria

102
Q

Number of mitochondria is related to the cells energy need:

A

Cells with high energy metabolism have abundant mitochondria (cardiac cells, cells of some kidney tubules)

Cells with a low-energy metabolism have few mitochondria

Mitochondria of differentiated cells are concentrated in cytoplasmic region where energy utilization is more intense

103
Q

Mitochondria possess two membranes that delineate distinct compartments:

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane
Outer mitochondrial membrane

104
Q

surrounds a space called the matrix (may product: CO2, NADH)

Rich in cardiolipin

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

105
Q
  • is in close contact with the cytoplasm
  • Voltage dependent
  • ion channel (channels that are large permeable)
    Ex: Mitochondrial proteins
A

Outer mitochondrial membrane

106
Q

intermembrane space contain ____________ that is essential for apoptosis

A

Cytochrome C

107
Q

abnormal mitochondria, mutation of mitochondrial DNA

A

MERRF - Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged- Red Fibers

108
Q

Microbodies (oxidative enzymes)

Membrane-enclosed organelles with arrays of enzymes specialized for aerobic respiration and production of ATP

are spherical organelles enclosed by a single membrane and named for their enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide, H2O2

A

Peroxisomes

109
Q

removes hydrogen atoms that are transferred to molecular O₂ producing H₂O₂

A

Oxidases

110
Q

breakdowns H₂O, which is potentially damaging to the cell

A

Catalase

111
Q

Peroxisomes forms in two ways:

A

Building of the precursor vesicle from the ER

Growth and Division of pre-existing peroxisomes

112
Q

Found in cells that store product until its release by exocytosis is signaled by metabolic. hormonal, or neural message

Surrounded by membrane and contain a concentrated form of secretory products

A

Secretory Granules

113
Q

with dense content of digestive enzymes

A

Zygomen granules

114
Q

Responsible for transport, storage, and secretion of digestive enzymes

A

Secretory granules

115
Q

Polymeric structures composed of equal parts of alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin

A structure that confer cell rigidity to help maintain cell shape

Can rapidly disassemble and reassemble

A

Microtubules

116
Q

MICROTUBULES are fine tubular structures also organized into large arrays called ______ in the cilia and flagella

A

axoneme

117
Q

Function of Microtubules

A
  • Intracellular vesicular transport.
  • Movement of cilia and flagella
  • Attachment of chromosome to the mitotic spindle
  • Cell elongation and movement
  • Maintenance of cell shape
118
Q

actin filaments

composed of actin allow cellular motility and most contractile activity in cells

A

Microfilaments

119
Q

Microfilaments function:

A
  • Anchorage and movement of membrane protein
  • Formation of the structural core of microvilli
  • Locomotion of cells
  • Extension of cell processes
120
Q

rope-like filaments, intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilament

Diameter: averaging 10 nm

A

Intermediate Filaments

121
Q

present only in epithelial cells

A

KERATIN (I and II class)

122
Q

found in most cells derived from mesenchyme

A

VIMENTIN (Class III (3))

123
Q

present in cell body and processes of neurons

A

NEUROFILAMENT (Class IV (4))

124
Q

form the nuclear lamina inside the nuclear envelope

A

LAMINS (Class V (5)

125
Q

found in almost all muscle cells

A

DESMINS (Parts of neurofilaments

126
Q

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Proeteins (GFAP), present in glial cells

A

GLIAL FILAMENTS(Class III (3))

127
Q

Beaded filaments (Phakinin and Filensin)

A

Class 6

128
Q

cid cytokeratin -> Epidermolysis bullosa

Basic -> keratoderma

A

Keratin

129
Q

Desmin myopathy

GFAP (Glial Fibrillary ACidic Protein) - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

Kimentin

130
Q

Charcot- Marie-Tooth Disease

Parkinson’s disease

A

Neurofilaments

131
Q

Emery Dreifuss muscular dystrophy

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy

A

Lamins

132
Q

Juvenile onset cataracts

A

Phakinin (Beaded Fil)

133
Q

Congenital cataracts

A

Filesin (beaded fil)

134
Q

have little or no metabolic activity, but contain accumulated metabolites or other substances not enclosed by membrane
- Fat droplets
- Glycogen granules
- Lipofuscin
- Hemosiderin

A

Cytoplasmic Inclusions

135
Q

The region of cells containing the centrioles in periventricular mat.

aka Centrosome

A

Microtubules Organizing Center

136
Q

centrosphere or cell center

specialized zone of the cytoplasm containing the centrioles center of activity associated with cell division

A

Centrosome

137
Q

called diplosome in nondividing cells

EM: hollow cylinder closed at one end and open at the other

A

Centrosome

138
Q

self-duplicating organelles that exhibit continuity form one cell generation to another

Double in number immediately before cell division

A

Centriole

139
Q

Prominent in mitosis

Essential for the formation of cilia and flagella

Serve as basal bodies and sites of epithelial cilia

A

Centriole

140
Q

long, semi-rigid, helical, hollow tubular structures mostly composed of protein, FLAGELLIN

Show undulating wave type of movement

A

Flagella

141
Q

Hair-like processes

Very numerous in:
- Epithelial cells of upper RT
- Parts of female and reproductive tracts
- Ependymal lining the cavities of the CNS

A

Cilia

142
Q

contains a blueprint for all cell structures and activities encoded in the DNA of the chromosomes.

It also contains the molecular machinery to replicate its DNA and to synthesize an RNA

A

Nucleus

143
Q

Components of the nucleus:

A

Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Nucleolus

144
Q

the disappearance of nuclei due to complete dissolution of DNA by increased activity of DNAsE

A

Karyolysis

145
Q

condensation of chromatin leading to shrinkage of the nuclei (they appears as dense basophilic masses)

A

Pyknosis

146
Q

fragmentations of nuclei

A

Karyorrhexis

147
Q

Selectively permeable membrane that is seven times thicker than plasma membrane and perforated by nuclear pores

A

Nuclear Envelope

148
Q

Nuclear Envelope has two eccentric membranes separated by perinuclear space

A

Outer Nuclear Membrane
Inner Nuclear Membrane

149
Q

continuous with rER membrane. It has attached polyribosomes

A

Outer Nuclear Membrane

150
Q

The inner nuclear membrane is supported by a rigid network of intermediate protein filaments attached to its inner surface called the

A

nuclear lamina

151
Q

formed by intermediate filaments that lies adjacent to the inner nuclear membrane

A

nuclear (fibrous) lamina

152
Q

contains specific lamin receptors and several lamina-associated proteins that bind to chromosomes and secure the attachment of the nuclear lamina

A

Nuclear Envelope

153
Q

a composition of nuclear lamina

A

lamin

154
Q

a family of lamina receptors

A

Emerin

155
Q

mutation of emerin (X-linked)

associated with mutations in either lamins or lamin receptors.

characterized by early-onset contractures of major tendons, very slow progressive muscle weakness, muscle wasting in the upper and lower limbs, and cardiomyopathy (weakening of the heart muscle).

A

Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD)

156
Q

mutation of lamin

A

Autosomal dominant EDMD

157
Q

In nondividing cells, consists of the DNA and its attendant protein in a largely uncoiled state

In dividing cells, condensed and organized into discrete bodies called chromosomes

A

Chromatin

158
Q

two types of chromatin:

A

HETEROCHROMATIN
EUCHROMATIN

159
Q

EM: appear as coarse electron-dense material
LM: basophilic clumps

A

Heterochromatin

160
Q

dense mass of heterochromatin found in females

A

Barr bodies

161
Q

EM: finely dispersed granular material
LM: lightly stained basophilic areas

A

Euchromatin

162
Q

The smallest units of chromatin structure are macromolecular complexes of DNA an called

A

Nucleosome

163
Q

with much euchromatin and few heterochromatic clumps, more DNA surface is available for transcription

A

light stained nuclei

164
Q

rich in highly condensed heterochromatin, tightly coiled DNA is less accessible for transcription

A

dark-stained nuclei

165
Q

T/F; Cells with lightly stained nuclei are more active in protein synthesis

A

True

166
Q

Each chromosome is formed by two chromatids that are joined together at a point called the

A

centromere

167
Q

area located at each end of the chromosome

Shorten with each cell division; studies indicate that telomere length is an important indicator of the lifespan of the cell

A

Telomere

168
Q

a spherical, highly basophilic sub domain of nuclei in cells, actively making proteins

It is a non-membranous region of the nucleus that surrounds transcriptionally active rRNA genes It is the primary site of ribosomal production and assembly.

A

Nucleolus

169
Q

is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and initial ribosomal assembly

varies in size but is particularly well developed in cells active in protein synthesis

A

Nucleolus

170
Q

The three morphologically distinct regions of nucleolus:

A

Fibullar Center
Fibullar Material
Granular Material

171
Q

contain DNA loops of five different chromosomes (13, 14, 15, 21, and 22) that contain rRNA genes, RNA, Polymerase I, Transcription factors

A

Fibrillar Center

172
Q

contain ribosomal genes that are actively undergoing transcription and large amounts of rRNA

A

Fibrillar material

173
Q

represents the site of initial ribosomal assembly and contains densely packed preribosomal particles

A

Granular Material

174
Q

Newly identified proteins in nucleolus

A

-> Nucleostemin

175
Q

Cell division - Cell accumulation

In humans, as in all other multicellular organisms, the rates of cell proliferation and cell death determine the net cell production

A

Cell Death

176
Q

disorders of cell accumulation

A

hyperplasia, cancer, autoimmune diseases

177
Q

disorders of cell loss

A

atrophy, degenerative diseases, AIDS, ischemic injury

178
Q

Two Major Mechanisms of Cell Death

A

Necrosis
Apoptosis

179
Q

accidental cell death, is a pathologic process.

It occurs when cells are exposed to an unfavorable physical or chemical environment that causes acute cellular injury and damage to the plasma membrane

A

Necrosis

180
Q

(Necrosis) Damage to the plasma membrane may also be initiated by viruses, or proteins called

A

perforins

181
Q

Characteristic feature of Necrosis:

A

Rapid Cell Swelling and Lysis

182
Q

[Gr., falling off, as petals from flowers] was referred to in the past as programmed cell death

Cellular suicide

A

Apoptosis

183
Q

It is characterized by controlled Autodigestion

The cell “dies with dignity” without spilling its contents and damaging its neighbors

A

Apoptosis

184
Q

Morphologic and Biochemical Features of Apoptosis:

A

DNA Fragmentation
Decrease in cell volume
Loss of mitochondrial function
Membrane blebbing
Formation of apoptotic bodies

185
Q

an irreversible event that commits the cell to die.

a result of Ca2-dependent and Mg2-dependent activation of nuclear endonucleases

A

DNA Fragmentation

186
Q

Achieved by shrinking of cytoplasm

cytoskeletal elements become reorganize ribosomes become clumped within the cytoplasm

rER forms a series of concentric whorls, and most of the endocytotic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane

A

Decrease in cell volume

187
Q

Where cytochrome activate the caspase dismantle

caused by changes in the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane channels

A

Loss of mitochondrial function

188
Q

results from cell membrane alterations

A

Membrane blebbing

189
Q

the final step of apoptosis, results in cell breakage

A

Formation of apoptotic bodies

Cytogen (12 decks)

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