Unit 2 - The Cell Episode 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Long outermost region
constant in diameter and contains
the globular (roughly spherical) protein
flagellin arranged in several chains that
intertwine and form a helix around a
hollow core
A
Filament
2
Q
Arrangement of the Flagella
A
Atrichous
Monotrichous/
Polar
Amphitricous
Lopotrichous
Peritrichous
3
Q
without flagellum
A
Atrichous
4
Q
single flagellum at
one end
A
Monotrichous/
Polar
5
Q
single flagellum at
both ends
A
Amphitricous
6
Q
tuff or group of
flagella on one
end or both ends
A
Lopotrichous
7
Q
entire cell surface
covered with
flagella
A
Peritrichous
8
Q
Ways of Determining Motility in the Lab:
A
Hanging Drop Method
Sulfide Indole Motility (SIM)
Flagellar Staining
Serologic Test
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
(FAT)
Swarming Phenomenon
Darkfield Microscopy
9
Q
True motility and Brownian Movement are best observed here
A
Hanging Drop Method
10
Q
bundles of fibrils that arise at the end of the
cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around
the cell
A
AXIAL FILAMENTS
11
Q
anchored at one end of the spirochete
A
AXIAL FILAMENTS
12
Q
→ have a structure similar to that of flagella
A
AXIAL FILAMENTS
13
Q
rotation of the filaments produces a
movement of the outer sheath that propels the
spirochetes in a spiral motion
A
AXIAL FILAMENTS
14
Q
movement is similar to the way a corkscrew
move through a cork
A
AXIAL FILAMENTS
15
Q
group of bacteria that have unique structure
and motility
A
Spirochetes
16
Q
move by means of axial filaments or
endoflagella
A
Spirochetes
17
Q
Syphilis
A
Treponema pallidum
18
Q
Lyme disease
A
Borrelia burgdorferi
19
Q
motility and DNA transfer
A
PILI
20
Q
hairlike, proteinaceous structures that extend
from the cell membrane into the external
environment; some may be up to 2 μm long
A
PILI
21
Q
hair-like microfibrils usually produced by
flagellated gram-negative bacteria observable
by electron microscopy
A
PILI
21
Q
serves as adhesins that help bacteria attach
to animal host cell surfaces, often as the first
step in establishing infection
A
PILI
22
Q
pili is composed of structural subunits: ____
A
Pilins
23
Q
Adhesins: _______
A
attachment | tips of pili
24
a pilus extends by the addition of subunits of
pilin, makes contact with a surface or another
cell, and then retracts (power stroke) as the pilin
subunits are disassembled- grappling hook
model
Twitching Motility
25
results in short, jerky, intermittent movements
Twitching Motility
26
results in short, jerky, intermittent movements
3 examples
1.
2.
3.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria gonorrhea
Some strains of Escherichia coli
27
Pili (fimbriae) → Pili is ______ than fimbriae
longer
28
play a role in bacterial adherence to surfaces
thus contributing to virulence
Common Pili or Ordinary Pili
29
serves as the conduit for the passage of
DNA from donor to recipient during conjugation
Sex Pilus
30
present only in cells that produce a protein
referred to as the F facto
Sex Pilus
31
F-positive cells initiate conjugation on with F-negative cells, thereby limiting the conjugative
process to cells capable of transporting genetic
material through the hollow _______
Sex Pilus
32
because of ______, DNA is transferred to
another cell (exchanged DNA can add in new
function to the recipient cell)
Sex Pilus
33
Somatic cells
Sex cells
EUKARYOTES
34
Somatic cells: ___ copies of genome | ______
Sex cells: ___ copy of genome | _____
2: Diploid
1: Haploid
35
Macromolecules present:
Carbohydrates
Lipid
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
36
information center
contains most of genes in the cell
NUCLEUS
37
Genes can also be seen in:
Animals:
Plants:
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
38
nucleus is ____ in diameter
5 μm
39
double membrane that encloses the nucleus,
separating its contents from the cytoplasm
each membrane is a lipid bilayer
separated by a space 20-40 cm
Nuclear Envelope
40
intricate protein that lines each pore (nuclear
pore): allows nucleus to communicate with the
cytoplasm
Pore Complex
41
regulates the entry and exit of proteins and
RNAs, as well as large complexes of
macromolecules
Pore Complex
42
protein structure + nuclear pore = _______
Pore Complex
43
netlike array of protein filaments that
maintains the shape of the nucleus by
mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope
Nuclear Lamina
44
lines the nuclear side of the envelope
maintain structure of nucleus
Nuclear Lamina
45
discrete units of organized DNA that carry
the genetic information
Chromosomes
46
each contains one long DNA molecule
associated with many proteins (help coil the
DNA molecule | histones)
Chromosomes
47
complex of DNA and proteins making up
chromosomes
Chromatin
48
mass of densely stained granules and fibers
adjoining part of the chromatin
Nucleolus
49
_________is synthesized from instructions in the DNA
Ribosomal RNA
50
complex made up of ribosomal RNA and
proteins
other sources, ______ came from the
nucleolus
80s | lalabas na 60s at 40s
RIBOSOMES
51
suspended in the cytosol
proteins made on free ribosomes function
within the cytoso
FREE RIBOSOMES
52
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or
nuclear envelope
BOUND RIBOSOMES
53
make proteins that are destined for insertion
membranes, for packaging within certain
organelles such as lysosomes, or for export
from the cell (secretion)
BOUND RIBOSOMES
54
60s
→ 3 molecules of
rRNA
40s
→ 1 molecule of
rRN
Ribosomes : 80s
55
_____: synthesizes proteins
for mitochondria inly
Mitochondrial RNA
56
_____: 10-20 ribosomes joined
together to form a string like arrangement
Polyribosome
57
extensive network of membranes that
accounts for more than half the total membrane
in many eukaryotic cells
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
58
consists of a network of membranous
tubules and sacs (cisternae)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
59
biosynthetic factor
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
60
outer surface lacks ribosomes
Smooth ER
61
synthesis of lipids, metabolism of
carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and
poisons, and storage of calcium ions
Smooth ER
62
cells that synthesize sex hormones are rich
in ______ (testes and ovary)
smooth ER
63
studded with ribosomes on the outer surface
Rough ER
64
secrete protein that are produced by
ribosomes
Rough ER
65
transport vesicle carries the proteins made by
the ribosomes
Rough ER
66
also called the internal lumen
Cisternae
Internal Compartment of ER
67
consist of flattened membranous sacs:
cisternae
for shipping and receiving
GOLGI APPARATUS
68
has distinct structural directionality
modification of received proteins
GOLGI APPARATUS
69
MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS
carbohydrates: ___
lipid: ___
Glycoproteins
Lipoprotein
70
means “on the same side”, and usually
located near the ER
transport vesicles move material from the ER
to the Golgi apparatus
receiving from ER
Cis
71
means “on the opposite side” that gives rise
to vesicles that pinch off and travel to other sites
shipping | palabas
Trans
72
______: wala pa Golgi Apparatus
→released from ER
Transport Vesicle
73
_______: pagdataing sa Golgi
apparatus
Transfer Vesicle
74
_____: aalis sa Golgi apparatus
Secretory Vesicle
75
digestive compartment | suicidal bag
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes used
to hydrolyze macromolecules
LYSOSOMES
76
phagein: to eat (debris)
kytos: vessel (referring to the cell
PHAGOCYTOSIS
77
___: to eat (debris)
phagein
78
___: vessel (referring to the cell
kytos
79
enzymes work best in the acidic environment
found in lysosomes
when lysosomes leaks hydrolytic
enzymes, it becomes inactivated in the
cytoso
enzymes work best in
an acidic environment, when
lysosomes secrete enzymes in the
cytosol, it won’t work because the
cytosol is near neutral pH
Hydrolytic enzymes
80
excessive leakage from a large number of
lysosomes can destroy a cell by self-digestion
PHAGOCYTOSIS
81
lysosomes also use their hydrolytic enzymes
to recycle the cell’s own organic material: AUTHOPAGY
PHAGOCYTOSIS
82
large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi
apparatus
selective in transporting solutes
VACOULES
83
POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL
sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic
process that uses oxygen to drive the
generation of ATP by extracting energy from
sugars, fats, and other fuels
MITOCHONDRIA
84
infoldings of the inner membrane
Cristae
85
narrow region between the inner and outer
membranes
Intermembrane Space
86
enclosed by the inner membrane
contains many different enzymes as well as
the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes
Mitochondrial Matrix
87
for oxidation
specialized metabolic compartment
bounded by a single membrane
PEROXISOMES
88
contains enzymes that remove hydrogen
atoms from various substrates and transfer
them to oxygen (O2), producing hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product
use oxygen to break fatty acids down
PEROXISOMES
89
detoxify alcohol in the liver and other harmful
compounds
abundant in liver cell and kidney cell
PEROXISOMES
90
inborn error of metabolism caused by
absence of peroxisomal enzymes
inability to breakdown fatty acids
accumulation in the brain and spinal cord
ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY
91
ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY CURE
Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplant
92
give mechanical support to the cell and
maintain its shape
provides anchorage for many organelles and
even cytosolic enzyme molecules
involve in some types of cell motility
CYTOSKELETON
93
hollow rods constructed from a globular
protein called tubulin
MICROTUBULES
94
each tubulin protein is a dimer: ______
a-tubulin and
B-tubulin
95
shape and support the cell and also serve as
tracks along which organelles equipped with
motor proteins can move
guide vesicles from ER to the Golgi
apparatus and from the Golgi to the Plasma
Membrane
MICROTUBULES
96
involved in the separation of chromosomes
during cell division
form cilia
MICROTUBULES
97
region that is often located near the nucleus
these microtubules function as compression
resisting girders of the cytoskeleto
CENTROSOME
98
located within the centrosome
composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules
CENTRIOLES
99
Specialized arrangement of microtubules is
responsible for the beating of flagella and cilia
microtubule-containing extensions that project
from some cells
CILIA and FLAGELLA
100
abnormal cilia
Ciliophaty
101
genetic
disorder characterized by vision loss, diabetes,
cognitive impairment and extra toes and fingers
(polydactyl)
BARDET BIEDL SYNDROME
102
thin solid rods
built from molecules of actin, a globular
protein
MICROFILAMENTS
103
bears tension (pulling force)
three-dimensional network formed by
microfilaments just inside the plasma
membrane hells support the cell’s shape
role in cell motility
MICROFILAMENTS
104
contraction of muscles: _________
actin and myosin
105
diameter larger than the diameter of
microfilaments but smaller than microtubules
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
106
more permanent fixtures of cells than are
microfilaments and microtubules, which are
often disassembled and reassembled in
various parts of the cell
maintain cell shape and structure
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
107
CELL ENEVELOPE STRUCTURES
__________
→ phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
that envelops the cytoplasm and regulates
transport of macromolecules into and out of the cell
Plasma Membrane
108
contains a substantial amount of cholesterol
→ presence of sterols
→ acts as selective barrier (Transport
Mechanism)
Plasma Membrane
109
disruption/ anomaly: channelopathy
Ion channels
110
Hypersensitive
channels, therefore,
the body becomes in
pain
Burning Man
Syndrome
111
Problem in sodium
channels, sodium
channels are stayed
open for too long
Paroxismal Extreme
Pain Disorder
112
Abnormal potassium
channels
Long QT Syndrome
113
Abnormal chloride
channel [CFTRT
(Cystic Fibrosis
Transmembrane
Conductance
Regulator)]
Cystic Fibrosis
114
→ provide rigidity and strength to the exterior of
the cell
→ most eukaryotic cells do not have cell walls
→ fungi have cell walls principally made of
polysaccharides
Cell Wall
