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Cytogen > Unit 2 - The Cell Episode 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - The Cell Episode 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Some components responsible for pathogenicity

A

Cell Wall

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2
Q

M-protein

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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3
Q

Mycolic Acid

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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4
Q

M. tuberculosis are acid fast because of this

A

Mycolic Acid

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5
Q

a physical property that gives a bacterium the ability to resist decolorization by acids during staining procedures

A

ACID FAST

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6
Q

cell wall contains N-glycolylmuramic acid instead of N-acetylmuramic acid

has a very HIGH LIPID CONTENT, which creates hydrophobic permeability barrier

A

Mycobacterium spp.

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7
Q

composed of a very thick protective peptidoglycan (murein layer)

consists of glycan (polysaccharide) chains of alternating N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl-d-muramic acid (NAM)

A

Gram-Positive Cell Wall

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8
Q

act by preventing synthesis of peptidoglycan

A

penicillin

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9
Q

accounts to 50% of the dry weight of the wall and 10% of the dry weight of the total cell

A

TEICHOIC ACID and TEICHURONIC ACID

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10
Q

anchored to the peptidoglycan (N-acetylmuramic acid)

glycerol or ribitol phosphate polymers combined with various sugars, amino acids, and amino sugars

A

TEICHOIC ACID

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11
Q

TYPES OF TEICHOIC ACID

A

Wall Teichoic Acid
Membrane Teichoic Acid

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12
Q

covalently linked peptidoglycan

A

Wall Teichoic Acid

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13
Q

Linked to membrane glycolipid (lipid associated), thus can also be called lipoteichoic acid

A

Membrane Teichoic Acid

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14
Q

type of teichoic acid

anchored to the Plasma Membrane

linked to the next underlying layer, plasma membrane or cellular membrane

A

Lipoteichoic Acid

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15
Q

Teichoic acid bears the antigenic determinant: Forssman antigen

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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16
Q

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is associated with M-protein

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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17
Q

facilitates attachment of S. pyogenes to target cell (more likely sa host cell or target cell, depende sa gusto niyang lapitan)

A

M-protein + Lipoteichoic Acid

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18
Q

similar polymers, but repeat units include sugar acids (e.g., N-acetylmannosuronic or D-glucosuronic acid) instead of phosphoric acids

synthesized in place of teichoic acids when
phosphate is limiting

A

Teichuronic Acid

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19
Q

Hydrolysis of gram-positive cell wall has yielded neutral sugars

A

Polysaccharides

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20
Q

subunits of polysaccharides in the cell wall of gram-positive cell wall)

A

mannose, arabinose, glucosamine, and acidic sugar

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21
Q

composed of two layers:

  • INNER PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER
  • OUTER MEMBRANE
A

Gram-Negative Cell Wall

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22
Q

much thinner than in gram-positive cell walls

A

Inner Peptidoglycan Layer

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23
Q

bilayered

outside the peptidoglycan layer is an additional outer membrane

contains proteins, phospholipids, and
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

Outer Membrane

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24
Q

are part of the nuclear envelope of gram-negative bacteria

A

cell wall and outer membrane

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25
Q

Three regions of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS):

A
  1. Antigenic-O Specific Polysaccharide
  2. Core Polysaccharide
  3. Inner Lipid A
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26
Q

also called Antigenic-O or O-Specific polysaccharide

useful in distinguishing species of gram negative

A

Antigenic-O Specific Polysaccharide

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27
Q

H7 E. coli (identifies specific strain or species of gram-negative bacteria)

A

O157

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28
Q

ketodeoxyoctanoic acid (KDO) and heptose

A

Core Polysaccharide

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29
Q

lipid portion of LPS

also called Endotoxin

responsible for producing fever and shock conditions in patients infected with gram negative bacteria

A

Inner Lipid A

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30
Q

when gram-negative bacteria dies, they release Lipid A, called

A

Endotoxins

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31
Q

unique to Lipid A

A

Beta-hydroxymyristic Acid

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32
Q

LPS FUNCTIONS:

A
  • Vital in evading the host defenses
  • Contribute to the negative charge of the bacterial surface, which stabilizes the membrane structure
  • Considered as an endotoxin
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33
Q

CLINICAL USE OF CELL WALL:

A

Gram-Staining

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34
Q

GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA

A

 Micrococcus
 Staphylococcus
 Streptococcus
 Peptococcus
 Peptostreptoococcus
 Sarcina
 Bacillus
 Corynebacterium
 Erysipelothrix
 Listeria
 Mycobacterium
 Nocardia
 Actinomyces
 Clostridium
 Propionobacterium

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35
Q

GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA

A

 Branhamella
 Neisseria
 Veillonella
 Acinetobacter
 Aeromonas
 Alcaligenes
 Bordetella
 Brucella
 Enterobacteriaceae
 Francisella
 Legionella
 Pasteurella
 Pseudomaonas
 Vibrio
 Fusobacterium
 Bacteriodes

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36
Q

stain gram-positive, have a modified cell wall called an acid-fast cell wall

A

Mycobacteria

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37
Q

contain a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids (mycolic acid) bound to the exterior of the cell wall

more than 60% of the cell wall is lipid

A

Acid-Fast Cell Wall

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38
Q

major lipid component

strong “hydrophobic” molecule that forms a lipid shell around the organisms and affects its permeability

A

Mycolic Acid

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39
Q

prevents uptake of the dye

makes Mycobacterium spp. difficult to stain with gram stain

A

Mycolic Acid

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40
Q

stain faint blue (gram-positive color)

best stained with an acid-fast

A

Mycobacterium and Nocardia

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41
Q

(Clinically Relevant Aerobic Actinomyces)

Cell Wall Containing MYCOLIC ACID
→ partially acid fast

A

Nocardia
Rhodococcus
Gordonia
Tsukamurella
Corynebacterium

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42
Q

(Clinically Relevant Aerobic Actinomyces)

Cell Wall without MYCOLIC ACID

A

Streptococcus
Actinomadura
Dermatophilus
Nocardiopsis
Oerskovia

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43
Q

lack of cell wall and contain STEROLS in their cell membranes

lack the rigidity of the cell wall

seen in various shapes microscopically

A

Absence of Cell Wall

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44
Q

example of organisms with no cell wall

A

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

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45
Q

typically found only in gram-negative bacteria

bounded by the internal surface of the cellular membrane encompassing the thin peptidoglycan layer

A

Periplasmic Space

46
Q

contains the murein layer, consists of gel like matrix containing nutrient-binding proteins that assist in the capture of nutrients from the environment

A

Periplasmic Space

47
Q

contain several enzymes involved in the degradation of macromolecules and detoxification of environmental solutes, including antibiotics that enter through the outer membrane

A

Periplasmic Space

48
Q

Hydrolytic Enzymes

A

Alkaline Phosphatase
5’ nucleotidase

49
Q

Detoxifying Enzymes

A

Beta-lactamase
Aminoglycoside
Phosphorylase

50
Q

Periplasmic space is _______ in gram-positive bacteria

A

absent

51
Q

also called plasma membrane

top layer of the outer membrane (inner lipid layer)

A

Cytoplasmic (Inner) Membrane

52
Q

present in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is the deepest layer of the cell envelope

A

Cytoplasmic (Inner) Membrane

53
Q

consists of phospholipid bilayer, various proteins (70%), including a number of enzymes vital to cellular metabolism

serves as an additional osmotic barrier

Absence of sterols

A

Cytoplasmic (Inner) Membrane

54
Q

Incorporate sterols (e.g., cholesterol), into their membranes when growing in sterol-containing media

A

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

55
Q

Mechanisms in Membrane Transport

A

Passive and Active Transport
Group Translocation

56
Q

diffusion

no energy consumed

happens only when Solute is at higher concentration outside than inside the cell

A

Passive Transport

57
Q

entry of very few nutrients through plasma membrane (Oxygen, Carbon
Dioxide and Water)

A

Simple Passive Transport

58
Q

makes use of channel proteins (selective passive transport). Only specific molecules can penetrate

A

Facilitated Passive Transport

59
Q

Types of Active Transport

A

Ion Coupled Transport
ATP Binging Cassette (ABC)

60
Q

proton motive/ sodium motive forces

A

Ion Coupled Transport

61
Q

Types of Ion Coupled Transport

A

Uniport
Symport
Antiport

62
Q

single species (Ion Coupled Transport)

A

Uniport

63
Q

2 similar solutes (Ion Coupled Transport)

A

Symport

64
Q

exchange transport of 2 similar solutes in opposite directions (Ion Coupled Transport)

A

Antiport

65
Q

ATP directly transport solutes

A

ATP Binding Cassette (ABC)

66
Q

also known as Rectorial metabolism

coupling transport mechanism

A

Group Translocation

67
Q

substances are chemically altered during transport (cell/ membrane becomes impermeable) → hoarding of substances

uses high energy phosphate components → Phosphoenolpyruvic Acid

A

Group Translocation

68
Q

Cytoplasmic Structures

A

Ribosomes
Nucleoid
Plasmid
Inclusion Bodies
Endospores/ Asexual Spores

69
Q

site of protein biosynthesis and gives the cytoplasm a granular structure

consists of RNA and proteins

70s in size and separates into two subunits, 50s and 30s each consists of ribosomal RNA

A

Ribosomes

70
Q

attach to 30s subunit and interfere with protein synthesis

A

Streptomycin and Gentamycin

71
Q

interfere with protein synthesis by attaching to 50s subunit

A

Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol

72
Q

→ consists of a single, circular chromosome
→ lacks nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus

A

Nucleoid

73
Q

appears as diffused nucleoid or chromatin body that is attached to a mesosome (sac-like structure)

consists of a single continuous circular molecule ranging in size from 0.58 to almost 10 million base pair

A

Nucleoid

74
Q

Exemptions because they have linear chromosomes

A

Borrelia burgdorferi and Streptomyces coelicolor

75
Q

2 dissimilar chromosomes bacteria

A

Vibrio cholera and Brucella melitensis

76
Q

replicate independently of chromosomal DNA

extrachromosomal, double-stranded element of DNA that is associated with virulence

A

Plasmid

77
Q

located in the cytoplasm and serve as a site for the genes to code for antibiotic resistance and toxin production

sometimes disappears during cell division and it can make bacteria (mostly Gram-negative) pathogenic

A

Plasmid

78
Q

it is not essential for bacterial growth so bacterial cell may or may not contain this

A

Plasmid

79
Q

Responsible for the production of B-lactamase that provide resistance to B-lactam antibiotics

A

Large Plasmid

80
Q

B-lactam antibiotics

A

penicillin and oxacillin

81
Q

Resistant to tetracyclines and chloramphenicol

A

Small Plasmid

82
Q

T/F: All Bacteria Has Plasmids

A

False

83
Q

serve as the energy source or food reserve of the bacteria or as a reservoir of structural building blocks

composed mainly of polysaccharides, they lessen osmotic pressure

A

Inclusion Bodies

84
Q

Examples of Inclusion Bodies

A
  • Glycogen
  • Cyanophysin granules
  • Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate granules
  • Carboxysomes (cyanobacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and thiobacilli)
  • Gas vacuoles (cyanobacteria, halobacterium, and thiothrix)
  • Polyphosphate granules (volutin and matachromatic granules)
85
Q

storage form of glucose

A

Glycogen

86
Q

→ storage from of inorganic phosphates
→ source of phosphate for nucleic acid and phospholipid synthesis

A

Pyrophosphate Granules

87
Q

stains red with blue dye (methylene blue)

A

Metachromatic/ Volution/ Babes-Ernst granules (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)

88
Q

Bipolar bodies

A

Yersinia pestis

89
Q

Much Granules

A

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

90
Q

lipid like compound consisting of chains of B-hydroxybutyric acid units connected through ester linkages

A

Poly-B-hydroxybutyric Acid (PHB)

91
Q

produced when the source of nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus is limited and there is excess carbon in the medium

A

Poly-B-hydroxybutyric Acid (PHB)

92
Q

Can be stained by Sudan dyes

A

Bacillus and Myxobacteria

93
Q

Hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate

A

Sulfur Granules

94
Q

inclusion body for carbon dioxide fixation

A

Carboxysomes

95
Q

for virulence

small, dormant structures located inside the bacterial cell

A

Endospores/ Asexual Spores

96
Q

aid in the survival of bacteria against external conditions

produced within vegetative cell in some gram-positive bacteria

A

Endospores

97
Q

causative agent of Q fever: has spore like structure

A

Coxiella burnetii (gram-neg)

98
Q

composed of dipicolinic acid and calcium ions (CALCIUM DIPICOLINATE)
→ some locations could be a means of microscopically identifying bacteria
→ responsible for perpetuation, but not multiplication

A

ENDOSPORES

99
Q

Types of Spores According to Location

A

Terminal Spore
Subterminal Spore
Central Spore

100
Q

Terminal Spore

A

Clostridium tetani (tetanus)

101
Q

Subterminal Spore

A

Clostridium botulinum (food poisoning)

102
Q

Central Spore

A

Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)

103
Q

Properties of Endospores

A
  1. Core
  2. Spore Wall
  3. Cortex
  4. Coat
  5. Exosporium
104
Q

(Endospore)

spore protoplast

contains a complete nucleus (chromosome), all of the components of the protein-synthesizing apparatus, and an energy-generating system based on glycolysis

A

Core

105
Q

(Endospore)
innermost layer surrounding the inner spore membrane

contains normal peptidoglycan and becomes the cell wall of the germinating vegetative cell

A

Spore Wall

106
Q

(Endospore)
thickest layer of the spore envelope

contains an unusual type of peptidoglycan, with many fewer cross-links than are found in cell wall peptidoglycan

sensitive to lysozyme

A

Cortex

107
Q

(Endospore)
composed of a keratin-like protein containing many intramolecular disulfide bonds

impermeability of this layer confers on spores their relative resistance to antibacterial chemical agents

A

Coat

108
Q

(Endospores)
composed of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

consists of paracrystalline basal layer and a hairlike outer region

A

Exosporium

109
Q

Presence of Exospore:

A

Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus

110
Q

No exospore:

A

Bacillus athrophaeus

Cytogen (12 decks)

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