Unit 2 - The Cell Episode 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Some components responsible for pathogenicity
A
Cell Wall
2
Q
M-protein
A
Streptococcus pyogenes
3
Q
Mycolic Acid
A
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
4
Q
M. tuberculosis are acid fast because of this
A
Mycolic Acid
5
Q
a physical property that gives a bacterium the ability to resist decolorization by acids during staining procedures
A
ACID FAST
6
Q
cell wall contains N-glycolylmuramic acid instead of N-acetylmuramic acid
has a very HIGH LIPID CONTENT, which creates hydrophobic permeability barrier
A
Mycobacterium spp.
7
Q
composed of a very thick protective peptidoglycan (murein layer)
consists of glycan (polysaccharide) chains of alternating N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl-d-muramic acid (NAM)
A
Gram-Positive Cell Wall
8
Q
act by preventing synthesis of peptidoglycan
A
penicillin
9
Q
accounts to 50% of the dry weight of the wall and 10% of the dry weight of the total cell
A
TEICHOIC ACID and TEICHURONIC ACID
10
Q
anchored to the peptidoglycan (N-acetylmuramic acid)
glycerol or ribitol phosphate polymers combined with various sugars, amino acids, and amino sugars
A
TEICHOIC ACID
11
Q
TYPES OF TEICHOIC ACID
A
Wall Teichoic Acid
Membrane Teichoic Acid
12
Q
covalently linked peptidoglycan
A
Wall Teichoic Acid
13
Q
Linked to membrane glycolipid (lipid associated), thus can also be called lipoteichoic acid
A
Membrane Teichoic Acid
14
Q
type of teichoic acid
anchored to the Plasma Membrane
linked to the next underlying layer, plasma membrane or cellular membrane
A
Lipoteichoic Acid
15
Q
Teichoic acid bears the antigenic determinant: Forssman antigen
A
Streptococcus pneumoniae
16
Q
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is associated with M-protein
A
Streptococcus pyogenes
17
Q
facilitates attachment of S. pyogenes to target cell (more likely sa host cell or target cell, depende sa gusto niyang lapitan)
A
M-protein + Lipoteichoic Acid
18
Q
similar polymers, but repeat units include sugar acids (e.g., N-acetylmannosuronic or D-glucosuronic acid) instead of phosphoric acids
synthesized in place of teichoic acids when
phosphate is limiting
A
Teichuronic Acid
19
Q
Hydrolysis of gram-positive cell wall has yielded neutral sugars
A
Polysaccharides
20
Q
subunits of polysaccharides in the cell wall of gram-positive cell wall)
A
mannose, arabinose, glucosamine, and acidic sugar
21
Q
composed of two layers:
- INNER PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER
- OUTER MEMBRANE
A
Gram-Negative Cell Wall
22
Q
much thinner than in gram-positive cell walls
A
Inner Peptidoglycan Layer
23
Q
bilayered
outside the peptidoglycan layer is an additional outer membrane
contains proteins, phospholipids, and
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
A
Outer Membrane
24
Q
are part of the nuclear envelope of gram-negative bacteria
A
cell wall and outer membrane
25
Three regions of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS):
1. Antigenic-O Specific Polysaccharide
2. Core Polysaccharide
3. Inner Lipid A
26
also called Antigenic-O or O-Specific polysaccharide
useful in distinguishing species of gram negative
Antigenic-O Specific Polysaccharide
27
H7 E. coli (identifies specific strain or species of gram-negative bacteria)
O157
28
ketodeoxyoctanoic acid (KDO) and heptose
Core Polysaccharide
29
lipid portion of LPS
also called Endotoxin
responsible for producing fever and shock conditions in patients infected with gram negative bacteria
Inner Lipid A
30
when gram-negative bacteria dies, they release Lipid A, called
Endotoxins
31
unique to Lipid A
Beta-hydroxymyristic Acid
32
LPS FUNCTIONS:
- Vital in evading the host defenses
- Contribute to the negative charge of the bacterial surface, which stabilizes the membrane structure
- Considered as an endotoxin
33
CLINICAL USE OF CELL WALL:
Gram-Staining
34
GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
Micrococcus
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Peptococcus
Peptostreptoococcus
Sarcina
Bacillus
Corynebacterium
Erysipelothrix
Listeria
Mycobacterium
Nocardia
Actinomyces
Clostridium
Propionobacterium
35
GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Branhamella
Neisseria
Veillonella
Acinetobacter
Aeromonas
Alcaligenes
Bordetella
Brucella
Enterobacteriaceae
Francisella
Legionella
Pasteurella
Pseudomaonas
Vibrio
Fusobacterium
Bacteriodes
36
stain gram-positive, have a modified cell wall called an acid-fast cell wall
Mycobacteria
37
contain a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids (mycolic acid) bound to the exterior of the cell wall
more than 60% of the cell wall is lipid
Acid-Fast Cell Wall
38
major lipid component
strong “hydrophobic” molecule that forms a lipid shell around the organisms and affects its permeability
Mycolic Acid
39
prevents uptake of the dye
makes Mycobacterium spp. difficult to stain with gram stain
Mycolic Acid
40
stain faint blue (gram-positive color)
best stained with an acid-fast
Mycobacterium and Nocardia
41
(Clinically Relevant Aerobic Actinomyces)
Cell Wall Containing MYCOLIC ACID
→ partially acid fast
Nocardia
Rhodococcus
Gordonia
Tsukamurella
Corynebacterium
42
(Clinically Relevant Aerobic Actinomyces)
Cell Wall without MYCOLIC ACID
Streptococcus
Actinomadura
Dermatophilus
Nocardiopsis
Oerskovia
43
lack of cell wall and contain STEROLS in their cell membranes
lack the rigidity of the cell wall
seen in various shapes microscopically
Absence of Cell Wall
44
example of organisms with no cell wall
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
45
typically found only in gram-negative bacteria
bounded by the internal surface of the cellular membrane encompassing the thin peptidoglycan layer
Periplasmic Space
46
contains the murein layer, consists of gel like matrix containing nutrient-binding proteins that assist in the capture of nutrients from the environment
Periplasmic Space
47
contain several enzymes involved in the degradation of macromolecules and detoxification of environmental solutes, including antibiotics that enter through the outer membrane
Periplasmic Space
48
Hydrolytic Enzymes
Alkaline Phosphatase
5' nucleotidase
49
Detoxifying Enzymes
Beta-lactamase
Aminoglycoside
Phosphorylase
50
Periplasmic space is _______ in gram-positive bacteria
absent
51
also called plasma membrane
top layer of the outer membrane (inner lipid layer)
Cytoplasmic (Inner) Membrane
52
present in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is the deepest layer of the cell envelope
Cytoplasmic (Inner) Membrane
53
consists of phospholipid bilayer, various proteins (70%), including a number of enzymes vital to cellular metabolism
serves as an additional osmotic barrier
Absence of sterols
Cytoplasmic (Inner) Membrane
54
Incorporate sterols (e.g., cholesterol), into their membranes when growing in sterol-containing media
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
55
Mechanisms in Membrane Transport
Passive and Active Transport
Group Translocation
56
diffusion
no energy consumed
happens only when Solute is at higher concentration outside than inside the cell
Passive Transport
57
entry of very few nutrients through plasma membrane (Oxygen, Carbon
Dioxide and Water)
Simple Passive Transport
58
makes use of channel proteins (selective passive transport). Only specific molecules can penetrate
Facilitated Passive Transport
59
Types of Active Transport
Ion Coupled Transport
ATP Binging Cassette (ABC)
60
proton motive/ sodium motive forces
Ion Coupled Transport
61
Types of Ion Coupled Transport
Uniport
Symport
Antiport
62
single species (Ion Coupled Transport)
Uniport
63
2 similar solutes (Ion Coupled Transport)
Symport
64
exchange transport of 2 similar solutes in opposite directions (Ion Coupled Transport)
Antiport
65
ATP directly transport solutes
ATP Binding Cassette (ABC)
66
also known as Rectorial metabolism
coupling transport mechanism
Group Translocation
67
substances are chemically altered during transport (cell/ membrane becomes impermeable) → hoarding of substances
uses high energy phosphate components → Phosphoenolpyruvic Acid
Group Translocation
68
Cytoplasmic Structures
Ribosomes
Nucleoid
Plasmid
Inclusion Bodies
Endospores/ Asexual Spores
69
site of protein biosynthesis and gives the cytoplasm a granular structure
consists of RNA and proteins
70s in size and separates into two subunits, 50s and 30s each consists of ribosomal RNA
Ribosomes
70
attach to 30s subunit and interfere with protein synthesis
Streptomycin and Gentamycin
71
interfere with protein synthesis by attaching to 50s subunit
Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol
72
→ consists of a single, circular chromosome
→ lacks nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus
Nucleoid
73
appears as diffused nucleoid or chromatin body that is attached to a mesosome (sac-like structure)
consists of a single continuous circular molecule ranging in size from 0.58 to almost 10 million base pair
Nucleoid
74
Exemptions because they have linear chromosomes
Borrelia burgdorferi and Streptomyces coelicolor
75
2 dissimilar chromosomes bacteria
Vibrio cholera and Brucella melitensis
76
replicate independently of chromosomal DNA
extrachromosomal, double-stranded element of DNA that is associated with virulence
Plasmid
77
located in the cytoplasm and serve as a site for the genes to code for antibiotic resistance and toxin production
sometimes disappears during cell division and it can make bacteria (mostly Gram-negative) pathogenic
Plasmid
78
it is not essential for bacterial growth so bacterial cell may or may not contain this
Plasmid
79
Responsible for the production of B-lactamase that provide resistance to B-lactam antibiotics
Large Plasmid
80
B-lactam antibiotics
penicillin and oxacillin
81
Resistant to tetracyclines and chloramphenicol
Small Plasmid
82
T/F: All Bacteria Has Plasmids
False
83
serve as the energy source or food reserve of the bacteria or as a reservoir of structural building blocks
composed mainly of polysaccharides, they lessen osmotic pressure
Inclusion Bodies
84
Examples of Inclusion Bodies
- Glycogen
- Cyanophysin granules
- Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate granules
- Carboxysomes (cyanobacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and thiobacilli)
- Gas vacuoles (cyanobacteria, halobacterium, and thiothrix)
- Polyphosphate granules (volutin and matachromatic granules)
85
storage form of glucose
Glycogen
86
→ storage from of inorganic phosphates
→ source of phosphate for nucleic acid and phospholipid synthesis
Pyrophosphate Granules
87
stains red with blue dye (methylene blue)
Metachromatic/ Volution/ Babes-Ernst granules (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
88
Bipolar bodies
Yersinia pestis
89
Much Granules
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
90
lipid like compound consisting of chains of B-hydroxybutyric acid units connected through ester linkages
Poly-B-hydroxybutyric Acid (PHB)
91
produced when the source of nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus is limited and there is excess carbon in the medium
Poly-B-hydroxybutyric Acid (PHB)
92
Can be stained by Sudan dyes
Bacillus and Myxobacteria
93
Hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate
Sulfur Granules
94
inclusion body for carbon dioxide fixation
Carboxysomes
95
for virulence
small, dormant structures located inside the bacterial cell
Endospores/ Asexual Spores
96
aid in the survival of bacteria against external conditions
produced within vegetative cell in some gram-positive bacteria
Endospores
97
causative agent of Q fever: has spore like structure
Coxiella burnetii (gram-neg)
98
composed of dipicolinic acid and calcium ions (CALCIUM DIPICOLINATE)
→ some locations could be a means of microscopically identifying bacteria
→ responsible for perpetuation, but not multiplication
ENDOSPORES
99
Types of Spores According to Location
Terminal Spore
Subterminal Spore
Central Spore
100
Terminal Spore
Clostridium tetani (tetanus)
101
Subterminal Spore
Clostridium botulinum (food poisoning)
102
Central Spore
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
103
Properties of Endospores
1. Core
2. Spore Wall
3. Cortex
4. Coat
5. Exosporium
104
(Endospore)
spore protoplast
contains a complete nucleus (chromosome), all of the components of the protein-synthesizing apparatus, and an energy-generating system based on glycolysis
Core
105
(Endospore)
innermost layer surrounding the inner spore membrane
contains normal peptidoglycan and becomes the cell wall of the germinating vegetative cell
Spore Wall
106
(Endospore)
thickest layer of the spore envelope
contains an unusual type of peptidoglycan, with many fewer cross-links than are found in cell wall peptidoglycan
sensitive to lysozyme
Cortex
107
(Endospore)
composed of a keratin-like protein containing many intramolecular disulfide bonds
impermeability of this layer confers on spores their relative resistance to antibacterial chemical agents
Coat
108
(Endospores)
composed of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
consists of paracrystalline basal layer and a hairlike outer region
Exosporium
109
Presence of Exospore:
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
110
No exospore:
Bacillus athrophaeus
