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Cytogen > Unit 2 - The Cell Episode 4 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - The Cell Episode 4 Flashcards

1
Q

located outside the nucleus

organelles are describe as membranous or non membranous

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

cytoplasm contains organelles and inclusions in an aqueous gel called the

A

cytoplasmic matrix

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3
Q

Human organism has different cell types derived from

A

Zygote

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4
Q

Membranous Organelles

A

Plasma Membrane
Endosomes
Lysosomes
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Peroxisomes

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5
Q

undergo first cell division

A

Zygote

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6
Q

Zygote will produce cell called

A

blastomere

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7
Q

give rise to all cell/ tissue types

A

Blastomere

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8
Q

synthesize and kani-kanilang sariling protein depende kung what they want to become

A

Cell differentiation

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9
Q

under Cell differentiation:

the process where cells selects synthesize specific proteins/ specific molecules depending sa special function nila

A

Specialization process

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10
Q

muscle cells

A

Movement

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11
Q

cells of the digestive glands

A

Synthesize and Secrete enzyme

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12
Q

fat cells

A

Lipid Storage

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13
Q

fibroblasts

A

Extracellular Matrix

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14
Q

bone cells

A

Cartilage

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15
Q

Cell that formed adhesive and type junction:

A

Epithelial cells

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16
Q

controlled by the cell itself

contains solutes - inorganic ions and organic molecules

A

Cytoplasmic Matrix

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17
Q

can be convulated/ pleated

A

Membranous organelles

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18
Q

ex. of convulated membranous

A

Smooth ER

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19
Q

ex. of pleated membranous

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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20
Q

A lipid-bilayered structure visible with transmission electron microscopy

It is composed of an amphipathic lipid layer containing embedded integral membrane proteins with peripheral membrane proteins attached to its surfaces

A

Plasma Membrane

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21
Q

Plasma Membrane is consists primarily of what molecules

A

Phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein

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22
Q

Plasma membrane is also known as

A

Plasmalemma

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23
Q

Transmission electron microscopy

A

2 electron dense layer separated by intermediate electron-lucent layer

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24
Q

The spaces enclosed by the organelles membrane particularly membranous organelles constitute now in __________

A

intracellular microcompartments

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25
Q

contains substrates, products, and other substances that degrade and synthesize

A

intracellular compartments

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26
Q

Electron-lucent layer is a ________________ layer

A

non-staining

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27
Q

in dividing and dying cells, and during cell movement, often manifests as morphologic changes in cell’s plasma membrane, which results in the formation of plasma-membrane blebs

A

Cell injury

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28
Q

dynamic cell protrusions of the plasma membrane

A

plasma-membrane blebs

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29
Q

is caused by the detachment of the plasma membrane from underlying actin filaments of the cell cytoskeleton

A

Blebbing

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30
Q

Cytoskeletal poisons that act on actin filaments such as ___________________ cause extensive membrane blebbing

A

phalloidin and cytochalasin-B

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31
Q

Phospholipid-cholesterol ratio is

A

1:1

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32
Q

consist of two non-polar (hydrophobic) long-chain fatty acids linked to a charged polar heads (hydrophilic) that bears a phosphate head

A

Membrane phospholipids

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33
Q

yung itsura ng plasma membrane/ cell is based from

A

Modified Fluid Mosaic Model

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34
Q

are incorporated directly in the lipid bilayer

major function is cell metabolism, cell regulation, cell integration

A

Integral proteins

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35
Q

Integral proteins can be better visualize using

A

Freeze Fracture

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36
Q

hahatiin sa gitna yung bilayered to see two interior faces of the membrane

A

Freeze Fracture

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37
Q

Integral proteins has two interior faces of the membrane

A

E face
P face

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38
Q

face backed by the Extracellular matrix

A

E face

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39
Q

face backed by Cytoplasm

A

P face

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40
Q

exhibit looser association with one of the two membranes particularly the inner

easily extracted by salt solutions

A

Peripheral proteins

41
Q

Six broad categories of membrane proteins

A

Pumps
Channels
Receptors
Linkers
Enzymes
Structural Proteins

42
Q

serve to transport certain ions (NA+) actively across membranes and also transport metabolic precursors of macromolecules (amino acids, sugars)

A

Pumps

43
Q

allow the passage of small ions, molecules, and water across the plasma membrane in either direction (i.e., passive diffusion)

A

Channels

44
Q

formed by membrane proteins that need receptors that will exhibit reactions, if these proteins are linked in the re receptors

A

gap junctions

45
Q

allow recognition and localized binding of ligands

ex. - processes such as hormonal stimulation , coated-vesicle endocytosis, and antibody reactions

A

Receptor proteins

46
Q

molecules that bind to the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane

A

ligands

47
Q

anchor the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix protein (fibronectin)

simply act as bridge

A

Linker Proteins

48
Q

have a variety of roles

A

Enzymes

49
Q

Classification of enzymes

A

Oxidoreductases
Ligases
Lyase
Transferase
Isomerase
Hydrolase

50
Q

are visualized by the freeze fracture method, especially where they form junctions with neighboring cells

simultaneously serve as receptor, enzyme, linker, or combination

A

structural proteins

51
Q

protein: ion pumping

A

ATPase

52
Q

major protein in the inner mitochondrial matrix

A

ATP synthase

53
Q

Functions of Plasma Membrane

A
  1. Communication
  2. Intercellular connections
  3. Physical barrier
  4. Selective permeability
54
Q

(Function of PM)
since it has receptor proteins therefore pwede siya sa signaling

A

Communication

55
Q

(Function of PM)
-protects cellular contents
-support cell structure

A

Intercellular Connections

56
Q

(Function of PM)
-separate outside from inside environment

A

Physical barrier

57
Q

(Function of PM)
- regulating the passage of materials into and out of the cell and facilitating the transport of specific molecules

A

Selective permeability

58
Q

-movement of substance down a concentration of gradient without expenditure of cellular energy

A

Passive Transport

59
Q
  • unassisted movement of small nonpolar substances across a selectively permeable membrane
  • Walang kailangang proteins
A

Simple Diffusion

60
Q

movement of ions and small, polar molecules down their concentration gradient across selectively permeable membrane by a transport protein

A

Facilitative diffusion

61
Q

transfer small, water-soluble molecules.

They are highly selective, often transporting only one type of molecule

A

Carrier protein

62
Q

Two classes of transport proteins

A

Carrier and Channel protein

63
Q
  • Examples: Na/K pump or H pump, and glucose carriers
  • Pwede pang passive, pwede pang active
A

Carrier proteins

64
Q

also transfer small, water-soluble molecules.

Pang passive lang

A

Channel proteins

65
Q

Usually contain a pore domain that serves as the ion-selectivity filter

Transport can be regulated by membrane potentials, neurotransmitters or mechanical stress

A

Channel proteins

66
Q

voltage-gated ion channels

A

membrane potentials

67
Q

ligand-gated ion channels

ex. Acetylcholine receptors – can be seen on muscle cells

A

neurotransmitters

68
Q

mechanically-gated ion channels

A

mechanical stress

69
Q

diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

70
Q

movements of substances requiring expenditure of energy

A

Active transport

71
Q

transport of ions or small molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient by transmembrane protein pumps

Remember: carrier proteins – ex. pumps

A

Active transport

72
Q

a process that involves configurational changes in the plasma membrane at localized sites and subsequent formation of vesicles from the membrane or fusion of vesicles with the membrane

pwede maging endocytosis or exocytosis

A

Vesicular transport

73
Q

loob ng cell, enters the cell

A

Endocytosis

74
Q

Uptake of fluid and macromolecules during ENDOCYTOSIS depends on three different mechanisms:

A
  1. Pinocytosis
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
75
Q

pinakakilalang protein na gagamitin sa Endocytosis

Nakabase sa kaniya kung ano tawag sa kanila

A

Clathrin

76
Q

is the nonspecific ingestion of fluid and small protein

aka Fluid-phase endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis

77
Q

smaller invaginations lang ang nagfo-form diyan at nage-entrap dun sa extracellular fluid at mga solution na meron doon

A

Cell drinking

78
Q

Mechanoenzymes are involved in pinocytotic vesicle scission ______________________

A

clathrin-independent endocytosis

79
Q

di pa need ng clathrin kasi may pinching lang sa plasma membrane

A

clathrin-independent endocytosis

80
Q

ex of Mechanoenzymes

A

GTPase (Guanosine triphosphatase/Guanosine triphosphate hydrolase)

81
Q

is the ingestion of large particles such as cell debris, bacteria, and other foreign materials

Cell eating; Generally, a receptor-mediated process

A

Phagocytosis

82
Q

Plasma membrane sends out pseudopodia to engulf phagocytosed particles into large vesicles called

A

phagosomes

83
Q

requires depolymerization and repolymerization of the actin filaments for psuedopodial extension

A

Actin-dependent

84
Q

phagocytosis is triggered by the recognition of

A

PAMPS (Pathogen associated molecular patterns)

85
Q

recognition of PAMPS leads to activation of a nuclear factor __________transcription factor that regulates genes that control cell responses in phagocytosis

A

Kappa B

86
Q

allows entry of specific molecules into the cell.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

87
Q

accumulate in well-defined regions of the cell membrane

kukunin niya yung cargo proteins

A

Cargo receptors

88
Q

Clathrin interacts with the cargo receptor via another coating-protein complex, ________, which is instrumental in selecting appropriate cargo molecules for transport into the cells

A

adaptin

89
Q

with the help of clathrin magkakaroon ng coated pits

A

Adaptin

90
Q

helps to ingest cell: magkakaroon ng coated vesicle with the use of this

A

Dynamin

90
Q

na nae-express on the pathogen’s surfaces by the toll-like receptors

A

PAMPS
(Pathogen associated molecular patterns)

91
Q

Phagocytosis is clathrin-_____________ endocytosis

A

independent

92
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is clathrin- ____________________

A

Clathrin-dependent endocytosis

93
Q

is the process by which a vesicle moves from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane, where it discharges its contents to the extracellular space

labasg cell/exits the cell

A

Exocytosis

94
Q

two general pathways of exocytosis:

A
  1. CONSTITUTIVE PATHWAY
  2. REGULATED SECRETORY PATHWAY
95
Q

substances designated for export are continuously delivered in transport vesicles to the plasma membrane

vacuoles returns into the plasma membrane which is called cell membrane trafficking

A

CONSTITUTIVE PATHWAY

96
Q
  • Present to some degree in all cells
  • TEM reveals that these cells lack secretory granules
  • Seen in the secretion of immunoglobulins by plasma cells and procollagen by fibroblasts
A

CONSTITUTIVE PATHWAY

97
Q

a regulatory event (hormonal or neural stimulus) must be activated for secretion to occur

A

REGULATED SECRETORY PATHWAY

98
Q

Seen in specialized cells, such as endocrine and exocrine cells and neurons concentrate secretory proteins and transiently store them in secretory vesicles within the cytoplasm

Nagrerelease lang ng certain molecules pag kailangan

A

REGULATED SECRETORY PATHWAY

Cytogen (12 decks)

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