Unit 5 - Chapter 12 Ag revolutions

Question 1

Seasonal Migration

Answer 1

Migrating according to the seasons between cooler/warmer, mountains/valley locations

Question 2

Causes that led to the invention of Agriculture

Answer 2

Environmental factors - end of last ice age. Cultural factors - preferences for living in a fixed place.

Question 3

How might have plant cultivation began?

Answer 3

Accidently - damaged or discarded food produced new plants. Experimentally - purposely dropping berries on the ground to see if new plants would grow

Question 4

Early Agricultural Hearths

Answer 4

Southwest Asia - Barley and wheat
South East Asia - Rice
Americas - Beans, cotton, potato, maize (corn)
Africa - Sorghum, Yam

Question 5

Columbian Exchange

Answer 5

occurred when Christopher Columbus made contact with the American continent (late 1400s)
Allowed for exchange of goods (foods/animals) and cultural traits between old and new world

Question 6

What is old and new world?

Answer 6

Old world - Europe / Asia / Africa
New World - Americas

Question 7

What plants transferred because of the Columbian exchange (New world)

Answer 7

Chocolate, Corn (maize), Pumpkin (All squash), Potato and Pineapple

Question 8

What plants transferred because of the Columbian exchange (Old world)

Answer 8

Rice, Sugar cane, wheat, bananas, broccoli

Question 9

What animals transferred because of the animal exchange (New world)

Answer 9

Turkey

Question 10

What animals transferred because of the Columbian exchange (Old world)

Answer 10

Cattle, chicken, pigs, horses, sheep

Question 11

What and where is the fertile crescent

Answer 11

In Southwest Asia. It forms an arc from the eastern Mediterranean coast up to what is now western Turkey and then south and east along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through present-day Syria and Iraq to western parts of modern Iran

Question 12

First Agricultural Revolution

Answer 12

11000 years ago. The shift from foraging to farming, marked the beginning of agriculture. Occurred at different hearths at different times

Question 13

Societal Change no.1 in the first agricultural revolution

Answer 13

People went from being nomadic , to being sedentary or semisedentary.

Question 14

What is Sedentary

Answer 14

settling in one place and making that place your permanent home

Question 15

Societal Change no.2 in the first agricultural revolution

Answer 15

Living in a settled life also meant increased reliance on one place rather than the variety of places exploited by foragers

Question 16

Societal Change no.3 in the first agricultural revolution

Answer 16

Farming practices in agricultural societies improved over time. Farmers learned how to farm efficiently with the use of new tools and practices

Question 17

Societal Change no.4 in the first agricultural revolution

Answer 17

Increased efficiency in farming meant more food. Having more food supported a growing population, which provided more workers

Question 18

Societal Change no.5 in the first agricultural revolution

Answer 18

As farms became more productive, some members of society were not needed to cultivate food. Instead of food production, the focused on other skills such as pottery-making and woodworking

Question 19

Societal Change no.6 in the first agricultural revolution

Answer 19

Farmers produced some nonfood crops. An example is cotton and flax grown in the Nile River Egypt.

Question 20

Societal Change no.7 in the first agricultural revolution

Answer 20

As societies became more productive, they became more complex. Larger settlements led to new forms of social organization.

Question 21

Societal Change no.8 in the first agricultural revolution

Answer 21

Population growth meant larger and larger villages which eventually developed into the first cities.

Question 22

Second Agricultural Revolution

Answer 22

1700s. Started by Britain. Introduced the enclosure system. Animal labor was replaced by machines. Farmers quit and moved to cities to work.

Question 23

What is enclosure system

Answer 23

Communal lands (lands owned by communities) were replaced by farms that individuals owned. The use of this land is only for owner and their tenants

Question 24

Societal change no.1 in second agricultural revolution

Answer 24

Enclosure system gave more control to farmers on how to use their land and led to more efficient farming practices.

Question 25

Societal change no.2 in second agricultural revolution

Answer 25

Enclosure system pushes off peasants from the land and created a labor surplus. This contributed to the Industrial Revolution.

Question 26

New tool no.1 from second agricultural revolution

Answer 26

Horse-drawn seed drill invented by Jethro Tull in England around 1701

Question 27

New tool no.2 from second agricultural revolution

Answer 27

John Deere invented a steel plow that by 1838 made it easier to plow in deep, tough soil.

Question 28

Societal change no. 3 in Second agricultural Revolution

Answer 28

the Four-Field system developed in Europe that prevented soil exhaustion and increased yields

Question 29

What is the four field system

Answer 29

Land is divided into four parts and crops including wheat, turnips, barley, clover, etc. are rotated around each field every year.

Question 30

Benefits of the four field system

Answer 30

The rotating of crops added to nutrients in the soil. Also fed livestock and promoted greater yields.

Question 31

Societal change no.4 of the Second agricultural revolution

Answer 31

Population boom because more people had food, more nutritious diets and longer life expectancies

Question 32

Third Agricultural Revolution

Answer 32

Happened in the 1940’s. Started from the U.S. Started using GMOs and synthetic chemicals

Question 33

What are GMOs (Genetically modified organisms)

Answer 33

can enhance the ability of crops to resist disease or drought or to have more nutritional impact or consumer appeal.

Question 34

Was there a fourth agricultural revolution?

Answer 34

Yes. Some scientists refer to the use of information technology and data analytics (during the 3rd ag revolution) as the fourth agricultural revolution.

Question 35

Change no.1 in the third agricultural revolution

Answer 35

Adopting electricity greatly aided crop storage and preservation and enhanced livestock raising and dairy farming.

Question 36

Change no.2 in the third agricultural revoltion

Answer 36

development of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Fertilizers helped make the fields more productive. Pesticides protected plants from destructive effects of insects, other pests, and diseases and boosted yields.

Question 37

Green Revolution

Answer 37

Started in the 1970’s. Spread from core to peripheral countries. The U.S took GMOs to countries with low yields and large populations such as Mexico, India and Indonesia.

Question 38

Impact no.1 of the third agricultural revolution

Answer 38

increased mechanism reduced the need for human labor