Unit 3 Flashcards
Culture
shared practices, attitudes and behaviors in a society
Cultural trait
individual aspects of a culture
Hearth
the location that a cultural trait originates
Artifacts
visible objects that a culture creates
Sociofacts
organizations that influence social behavior
Mentifacts
The big, enduring ideas of a culture that reflect its shared ideas
Cultural norms
Things or practices that are normal for people in a specific culture
Cultural Relativism
The judging of a culture by looking at it as a unique culture
Ethnocentrism
The idea that a culture should be judged based on the ideas of one’s own culture
Cultural landscapes
Combination of physical and societal features that define a location
Sequent Occupance
evidence that successive cultures have left their cultural imprint
Ethnicity
a group of people who share common cultural characteristics
sense of place
identity of a location / people who live there
placemaking
attachment to a specific location as part of a people’s identity
cultural landscape
combination of physical and societal features that define a location
Centripetal force
pulls people closer
Centrifugal force
pulls people away
Cultural diffusion
the process by which cultural trait spreads from one place to another
Expansion diffusion
spreads in its own
Relocation diffusion
Spreads as people move and take the trait with them
3 types of expansion diffusion
Contagious, hierarchical and stimulus
Contagious diffusion
Spreads rapidly throughout a population like the flu would
hierarchical diffusion
spread of an idea from person/region of power and authority
Stimulus diffusion
spread of a trait that requires change to be accepted
3 types of historical diffusion methods
Colonialism, imperialism and trade
Colonialism
acquiring full or partial political control over another country,
occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically
Imperialism
a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force
Trade
exchanging goods, services, and cultural traits
what are effects of diffusion on language
Lingua Franca, Pidgin, Creole
Lingua Franca
common language that is adopted between speakers whose native language is different
Example of lingua franca
English being used in imperialized African countries despite most people speak native tribe languages
Pidgin
an unoffical mixture of words/phrases from two different languages that allow people to speak to each other
example of pidgin
Spanglish
Creole
fully devoted language that is the combination of two languages
contemporary causes of diffusion
urbanization and globalization
Urbanization
creation and expansion of cities
Globalization
Expansion of traits and qualities throughout the entire world
types of religion
Ethnic religion and Universalizing religion
Ethnic religion
found near it’s hearth. spread only through relocation diffusion. tied to ethnicity, religion, hard to convert into
Universalizing religion
spread through relocation and expansion diffusion
Types of Ethnic religion
Hinduism, Judaism, Shintoism and other folk religions
Types of universalizing religion
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Sikhism
Assimilation
a persons’ or a groups’ culture is brought to resemble those of another group. results in loss of original culture
Acculturation
The cultural change that comes from blending cultures
Syncretism
the combining of different, often contradictory beliefs while blending practices of various school of thought
Multiculturalism
the presence of several distinct cultural beliefs and/or ethnic groups within a society
Internet’s affect on cultural change
Access to media all over the world may lead to less variety in cultural traits rather than more
Cultural convergence
as cultures interact, they become more similar, sharing and adopting another’s ideas, innovations and/or cultural traits
Cultural Convergence examples
quinceañera among Hispanics in the US and Tex-Mex food
Cultural Divergence
Conflicting beliefs or other barriers that cause two cultures to be less similar
causes of cultural divergence
physical barriers, taboos, political barriers
examples of cultural divergence
Hindu ban on eating beef - taboos, china bans social media - political barriers
Cultural appropriation
the act of adopting elements of another culture
Language family
largest grouping of related languages. includes language that share a common ancestral language
Isolate
a language that is not assigned to a language family
Language branch
a collection of languages within a family sharing common origin and separated from other branches 1000 of years ago
Language groups
languages within a branch that share a common ancestor in the relatively recent past and have very similar vocabulary
Dialect
a variation of a language, usually in a specific area
Indo - European family
spoken by half the world’s population. 445 living languages. languages are spoken as native language or lingua franca
Kurgan hearth theory
Nomadic Kurgans migrated from an area around the present-day border between Kazakhstan and Russia into Europe, Siberia,
Iran, and South Asia.
Anatolian hearth theory
the first speakers of Proto-Indo-European moved into Europe and South Asia from present-day Turkey
