Unit 4 - chapter 9 Flashcards
Nation
a cultural entity made up of individuals with a common identity through shared language, religion, ethnicity or heritage. Ex: Native Hawaians Navajo
State
Politicians organized independent territory with a government defined borders, and a permanent population. Ex: China
Nation State
Territory occupied by a group where most citizens of the state identify as belonging to the same common nation of the same name. Ex: Japan, Iran
Multistate Nation
People who share a cultural or ethnic background but live in more than 1 country. Ex: Russians, Jew, Koreans
Multinational State
A country with various ethnicities and cultures living inside its borders. Ex: USA
Stateless Nation
People united by culture, language, history and traditions, but not possessing a state. Ex: Palestine, Tribal nations is USA
Autonomous regions
can govern their own territories independently from the national government. EX: Hong Kong, a territory in China, has its own system of government and currency.
Semiautonomous
can govern their own territories independently from the national government. Ex: American Indian reserves in the US have the authority to operate under certain different laws. But, according to the US’s pov, Native American nations are not sovereign because power is limited
Territoriality
multiple definitions. Geographer Robert Sack defines territoriality as the “attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area”
Example of Territoriality
gated communities fenced so that only people apart of the community can enter. At the national scale, countries control their land with boundaries, and create identity through flags, names and anthems
colonialism
claiming and dominating overseas territory
neocolonialism
the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies
Example of colonialism
European countries began establishing colonies throughout the world starting in the 19th century, gaining control over lands in Africa, Asia and the Americans, and elsewhere.
Example of neocolonialism
Kenya, needed to replace aging railroad architecture. In 2014, the Kenyen government agreed to pay a Chinese company to build a railroad line from Nairobi, the capital, to the city of Mombasa. The cost was 3.8 billon which critics said that will take a lot of years before they can pay it up. Until then, China has control over decisions of railroads
Choke point
a narrow strategic passage way to another place through which it is difficult to pass. can be sources of power, influence, and wealth for the countries that control them. Waterway choke points could be straights, canals or other restricted passages
Example of land based choke point
Thermopylae, a mountain pass in Greece where a Greek force estimated at 7000 men was able to hold off an invading Persian army of between 70,000 and 300,000 soldiers for 3 days in 480 B.C.E
shatterbelts
states form, join and breakup because of ongoing, sometimes violent, conflicts among parties and because they are caught between the interests of more powerful outside states
Self determination
the right of all people to choose their own political status
Imperialism
the push to create an empire by exercising force or influence to control other nations or people
Example of Imperialism
Spain territories spanned the globe, including land in North and South America, Europe, Africa, Southeast Asia and even Oceania
Devolution
when the central power in a state is broken up among regional authorities within its borders.
Example of devolution
The former Soviet Union devolution led to the creation of 12 independent states
Defining boundaries
countries explicitly state in legally binding documentation such as a treaty where their borders are located, using reference points such as natural features or lines of latitude or longitude
Delimit boundaries
Countries can delimit their boundaries by drawing them on a map in accordance with a legal agreement
Demarcated boundaries
with physical objects such as stones, pillars, walls, or fences.
administer boundaries
manage the way they are maintained and how goods and people will cross them.
Antecedent boundaries
established before many people settle into an area =.
example of antecedent boundaries
between United States and Canada, established at the 49th parallel in 1846 before most European American settlers moved into the territories that became Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, and Washington
subsequent boundaries
drawn in areas that have been settled by people and where cultural landscapes already exist or are in the process of being established
examples of subsequent boundaries
France and Germany have subsequent boundaries
consequent boundaries
a type of subsequent boundary. take into account the differences that exist within a cultural landscape, separating groups that have distinct languages, religions, ethnicities, or other traits.
superimposed boundaries
drawn over existing accepted boundaries, by an outside or conquering force
Example of superimposed boundary
The British drew lines over Africa’s borders at the Berlin conference with no regards to their cultural boundaries
Geometric boundary
mathematical and typically follow lines of latitude and longitude, or are straight-line arcs between 2 points, instead of following physical and cultural features.
relics
Former boundaries that once existed but no longer have official function are considered to be relics
