Unit 5 Chapter 12 Flashcards
Agriculture
the purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival.
What locations are in the Cold Mid-latitude
North Central U.S.A, Southern Canada, Eastern Europe
What plants are grown in the Cold Mid-latitude
Wheat, Barley, Livestock, Dairy cows
What are the locations of Warm Mid-latitude
Southern China, Southern U.S.A
What plants are grown in Warm Mid-latitude
Rice, Fruits and Vegetables
What are the locations in Mediterranean
California, Chile, Mediterranean sea area
What crops grow in the Mediterranean
Grapes, olives and dates
What locations are in Grasslands/Continental Steppe
Northern Africa, Western U.S.A, Grasslands and Mongolia
What crops are grown in Grasslands/Continental Steppe
Cattle ranching, Sheep, Goats, horses, camels
What locations are in Sub-tropical
Indonesia, West Indies
What crops grow in sub-tropical
Rice, cotton and tobacco
What locations are in tropical
Equatorial Africa, Indonesia
What crops are in Tropical
Coffee, Sugar, Tea, Cacao and Pineapple
What are the types of climate regions
Cold Mid-latitude, Warm Mid-latitude, Mediterranean, Grasslands/Continental Steppe, Sub-tropical and Tropical
Mediterranean agriculture
consists of growing hardy trees and shrubs and raising sheep and goats.
Subsistence agriculture
Farming where the farmer grows and raises a diverse range of crops and livestock for their family’s consumption.
Commercial agriculture
farmers grow crops and raise livestock for profit to sell to customers, who buy these goods
bid-rent theory
explains how land value determines how a farmer will use the land - either intensively or extensively.
What does the bid-rent theory say?
Where land value is high, farmers will buy less land and use it intensively to produce more agriculture per land. Where land has a lower value or is father from the market, famers will buy more land and use it extensively
Metes and bounds
Used for clustered settlements and is not precise at all. Uses physical features/landmarks along with the directions and distances to define and describe a parcel of land. Found in former U.S British colonies and east of the Appalachian mountains
Township and Range
Used with dispersed settlements. It has precise, blocks of land. It has rectangular land divisions to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands. Found in the Old Northwest - the area from Ohio to Minnesota.
Long lot system
Goes with linear settlements. Set up by French. The farms are on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that all farmers could have access to the water. This is the most efficient method. Found near Mississippi River.
Intensive Agriculture
High level use of labor and capital. Practiced in densely populated regions. Small and expensive. Near to the market. Aims to maximize yields from available land, through ways such as heavy use of pesticide, and chemical fertilizers.
Intensive subsistence agriculture
putting forth a large amount of human labor to generate high crop yields on small plots of land to support their family and local community.
Intensive commercial agriculture
heavy investments in labor and capital and results in high yields for profit - its products are commodities intended for sale at market.
Clustered settlement (nucleated settlement)
Found in small villages where families live close together with fields surrounding the collection of houses. Allows to share common resources
Dispersed settlement
families live on individual farms isolated from neighbors. No central water source. Lots of land. Western U.S. May not be best farm land
Linear settlement
Seen along roads or rivers. Most common. Line of houses with farms behind the houses
What is monocropping?
the cultivation of one or 2 crops that are rotated seasonally. commonly corn, soybeans, wheat or cotton.
Monoculture
the agricultural system of planting one or raising one type of animal annually.
Why crop rotation
Monocropping can strip nutrients from the soil. This is a way to prevent depletion of nutrients.
What does crop rotation do?
the varying of crops year to year to allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continuing productivity of soil.
Plantation Agriculture
large-scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation. type of intensive commercial agriculture.
Where does plantation agriculture take place
Peripheral and semi-peripheral economies in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa and the Americas.
What are some major plantation crops
Cotton, tobacco, tea, coffee, sugarcane, bananas, palm oil, and rubber.
Market gardening
farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers and typically serves a specific market, or urban area, where farmers can conveniently sell to local grocery stores, restaurants, farmer markets and road stands.
Mixed crop and livestock systems
both crops and livestock are raised for profit.
Central Business District
The majority of consumer services are located in the center of a city because the accessibility of the location attracts these services. This central location is called CBD
Extensive farming
large farms are being cultivated with relatively lower inputs, that is capital and labor. Practiced in moderately populated regions. Large and inexpensive. Remotely located and small.
Types of extensive subsistence agriculture
Shifting cultivation, slash and burn, nomadic herding, transhumance
Shifting cultivation
practice of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year or two, abandoning land when nutrients are depleted, then repeat.
Slash and Burn
type of shifting cultivation. clear land by cutting down trees and vegetation dries, burning this slash, resulting in nutrient rich ask fertilizer.
Nomadic herding
move animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing.
Transhumance
the movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevation during summer, and lower elevations during the winter
Extensive Commercial agriculture types
Ranching.
Ranching
takes place in semiarid grassland areas around the world in which crop rotation is difficult or impossible.
Domestication
the deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics
Foragers
small nomadic groups who had primarily plant-based diets and ate small animals or fish for proteins.
Agricultural hearth
Each area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals.
