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AP Human Geography > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Population Distribution

A

where people live in an area, affects the cultural, political, environmental, and economic aspects in any given area.

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2
Q

factors that influence population distribution

A

natural, environmental, physical, economical, cultural, political

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3
Q

Population Density

A

number of people occupying a land

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4
Q

ways to calculate population density

A

Arithmetic, physiological and agricultural

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5
Q

Arithmetic formula

A

Total population / Land area (sq. mi)

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6
Q

Physiological formula

A

Total population / Arable land (sq. mi)

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7
Q

Agricultural formula

A

Farmers / Arable land (sq. mi)

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8
Q

What is Arithmetic Density?

A

measure number of people per unit area of land. No information on clustering or dispersal.

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9
Q

What is Physiological density?

A

total number of people per unit of arable land. provides insight if people can sustain themselves agriculturally.

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10
Q

What is Agricultural Density?

A

measures total number of farmers per arable land. better indicator of country’s level of economic development

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11
Q

Economic influences on population distribution

A

Job opportunities and access to Natural resources

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12
Q

Example of economic influence

A

In Norilsk, Siberia nearly 200,000 people bear for the harsh winter. Why live here? The region has the world’s largest known deposit of Nickel, an industry important material.

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13
Q

social/cultural influences of population distribution

A

Housing availability, safety, access to transportation, community

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14
Q

political influence on population distribution

A

people who are dissatisfied with their government migrate

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15
Q

Population composition

A

percent of children, elderly, male and female. Significant economically, politically and socially.

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16
Q

Population pyramids

A

show the population composition/structure of a location.

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17
Q

Dependency ratio

A

The number of people in a dependent age group divided by the number of people in the working-age group multiplied by 100

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18
Q

Impacts of dependency ratio

A

High dependency ratio leads to less people working which increases taxes for working people.

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19
Q

sex ratio

A

proportion of males to females

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20
Q

factors that determine population growth and decline

A

Fertility, Mortality and Migration

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21
Q

measures of fertility

A

Crude birth rate (CBR)
Total Fertility rate (TFR)

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22
Q

measures of mortality

A

Life expectancy
Crude death rate (CDR)
Infant Mortality rate (IMR)

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23
Q

CBR

A

number of live births occurring in one year per 1000 people

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24
Q

TFR

A

Average number of children who would be born per woman during her childbearing years

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25
Q

Life expectancy

A

Number of years the average person will live

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26
Q

CDR

A

number of deaths occurring per 1000 people

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27
Q

IMR

A

number of children who die before one year of age

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28
Q

Natural Increase rate (INR)

A

way to calculate population growth and decline. Does not account for migration. (CBR - CDR / 10)

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29
Q

Population growth rate

A

way to calculate population growth. more accurate because it accounts for migration

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30
Q

Doubling time

A

The number of years in which a population will double assuming the growth rate remains stable. (70/NIR)

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31
Q

economic population growth causes

A

Agricultural societies, advancements in food production and nutrition. advancements in sanitation, economic prosperity, access to healthcare

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32
Q

economic population decline causes

A

More women in workforce, urbanization. provision of food and resources, woman have access to contraceptives

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33
Q

social causes of population growth

A

Tradition encourages big families, woman are not given the option to use contraceptives, early marriage = more kids

34
Q

social cause of population decline

A

role of woman, healthcare

35
Q

political causes of population growth

A

pronatalist, shift from war to peace = baby boom

36
Q

political causes of population decline

A

anti-natalist, war

37
Q

natural causes of population decline

A

natural disasters, famine and drought, spread of disease

38
Q

What is migration?

A

The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

39
Q

Immigraion

A

Movement into a location

40
Q

Emigration

A

Movement out of a location

41
Q

Push factors

A

Negative factors that cause people to move from one place to another

42
Q

Pull factors

A

Positive factors that attract people to migrate to their location

43
Q

Intervening opportunity

A

An opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling.

44
Q

Intervening Obstacle

A

Barriers that hold migrants back form continuing to travel

45
Q

Economic push factors

A

Jobless, lack of employment, low wages

46
Q

Economic pull factors

A

Job opportunities, higher wages, seasonal jobs

47
Q

example of economic push and pull factors

A

The Bracero program - US was short on laborers in WWII. signed a contract with Mexico for agricultural and transportation workers. 4.6 million Mexicans migrated to US.

48
Q

Social push factors

A

Discrimination, prejudice, persecution and racism. Gender roles - Men are mostly migrants

49
Q

Social pull factors

A

Freedom and lack of discrimination, prejudice, persecution and racism. kinship ties

50
Q

example of social push and pull factors

A

China’s imbalanced sex-ratio - more men than women in China because of one - child policy. Women moves to nearby countries to marry young Chinese men.

51
Q

Political push factors

A

War, repressive laws, discrimination

52
Q

Political pull factors

A

Peace and Asylum

53
Q

What is Asylum

A

Political migrants that move due to fear of oppression by their government can be granted protection in accepting countries

54
Q

example of Political push and pull factors

A

Anti - communists from Cuba - When Fidel Castro took over Cuba in 1959, anti-communists were killed and jailed because of their views on communism. The were granted Asylum in the US. 1.2 million Cuban decent people in Florida

55
Q

Natural push factors

A

Natural disasters, drought, crop failure, Intense climate.

56
Q

Natural Pull factors

A

desirable climate and landscape

57
Q

example of natural push and pull factors

A

Hurricane Katrina - More the one million people were displaced because of Hurricane Katrina in 2015

58
Q

Ravenstien’s law of migration

A
  1. Migration is typically in short distance
  2. Migration occurs in steps
  3. Urban areas attract both long-distance and rural migration
  4. Every migration generates a counter migration
  5. Young, single, adult males are more likely to migrant than females.
  6. Most migration is due to economic factors.
59
Q

Voluntary migration

A

people migrate due to their own choices

60
Q

Involuntary migration

A

people relocate due to fears, of violence or survival

61
Q

Types of voluntary migrations

A

Transnational, Transhumance, Internal, Chain, Step, Guest worker, Rural-to-urban

62
Q

Transnational migration

A

Migration from one country to another. Immigrants maintain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties to their home country.

63
Q

Remittances

A

money sent back to migrants home country. major economic flow

64
Q

3 major flows of transnational migration

A

Latin America to North America
Southwest Asia to Europe
Asia to North America

65
Q

Internal migration

A

ravenstien’s law. migration within country borders. more likely.

66
Q

Distance Decay

A

The further apart two places are, the less likely it is that people will migrate between those two places.

67
Q

Transhumance migration

A

migration of nomadic herders that move their livestock from high to low elevation in winter and vice versa in summer

68
Q

chain

A

immigrants move to a location based of recommendations from kinship ties and friends.

69
Q

Step migration

A

ravenstien’s law. migrants reach final destination in small steps. happens due to intervening opportunities and obstacles.

70
Q

Rural to Urban

A

Ravenstien’s law. Typical. 55% in world live in urban.

71
Q

Guest worker

A

migrants travel for temporary work. short period because country cannot fill using its own labor force

72
Q

Types of involuntary migrations

A

Refugees, Internally Displaced, Persons, Asylum Seekers, Enslaved Persons

73
Q

Refugee

A

forced to leave because of persecution, war or violence. 68% of refugees come from five countries: Syria, Venezuela, Afghanistan, South Sudan and Myanmar

74
Q

Internally Displaced Persons

A

forced to flee, but doesn’t cross international borders. Large groups of IDPs are located in Colombia, Syria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Yemen

75
Q

Asylum Seekers

A

When people flee their own country and seek sanctuary in another country, they apply for asylum.

76
Q

Enslaved Persons:

A

Historical: Atlantic Slave Trade
16th-19th Centuries
10-12 million people

Modern Day: The United Nations estimates that about 21 million people are enslaved today.

Oftentimes referred to as human trafficking.

77
Q

economic Effects of migration (receiving country)

A

Immigrants are a source of labor for less desirable and low paying work. Immigrants often open businesses.

78
Q

economic Effects of migration (home country)

A

Decrease in unemployment.
Less strain on resources.
Remittances support the economy.
Brain drain

79
Q

social effects of migration (receiving country)

A

immigrants bring aspects of culture with them. can receive backlash is og population feels threatened. reduces elderly dependency and more taxes for them. immigration is the main source of population growth in core countries, since 1950s.

80
Q

social effects of migration (home country)

A

less men, because they usually migrate. often children and elderly are left behind. changes in traditional family structure. relief in overcrowding.

81
Q

Political effects of migration (receiving countries)

A

Immigration restrictions.

82
Q

Political effects of migration (home country)

A

laws that encourage immigration. Guest Worker Programs, Family Reunification

AP Human Geography (22 decks)

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