Unit 2 Flashcards
Population Distribution
where people live in an area, affects the cultural, political, environmental, and economic aspects in any given area.
factors that influence population distribution
natural, environmental, physical, economical, cultural, political
Population Density
number of people occupying a land
ways to calculate population density
Arithmetic, physiological and agricultural
Arithmetic formula
Total population / Land area (sq. mi)
Physiological formula
Total population / Arable land (sq. mi)
Agricultural formula
Farmers / Arable land (sq. mi)
What is Arithmetic Density?
measure number of people per unit area of land. No information on clustering or dispersal.
What is Physiological density?
total number of people per unit of arable land. provides insight if people can sustain themselves agriculturally.
What is Agricultural Density?
measures total number of farmers per arable land. better indicator of country’s level of economic development
Economic influences on population distribution
Job opportunities and access to Natural resources
Example of economic influence
In Norilsk, Siberia nearly 200,000 people bear for the harsh winter. Why live here? The region has the world’s largest known deposit of Nickel, an industry important material.
social/cultural influences of population distribution
Housing availability, safety, access to transportation, community
political influence on population distribution
people who are dissatisfied with their government migrate
Population composition
percent of children, elderly, male and female. Significant economically, politically and socially.
Population pyramids
show the population composition/structure of a location.
Dependency ratio
The number of people in a dependent age group divided by the number of people in the working-age group multiplied by 100
Impacts of dependency ratio
High dependency ratio leads to less people working which increases taxes for working people.
sex ratio
proportion of males to females
factors that determine population growth and decline
Fertility, Mortality and Migration
measures of fertility
Crude birth rate (CBR)
Total Fertility rate (TFR)
measures of mortality
Life expectancy
Crude death rate (CDR)
Infant Mortality rate (IMR)
CBR
number of live births occurring in one year per 1000 people
TFR
Average number of children who would be born per woman during her childbearing years
Life expectancy
Number of years the average person will live
CDR
number of deaths occurring per 1000 people
IMR
number of children who die before one year of age
Natural Increase rate (INR)
way to calculate population growth and decline. Does not account for migration. (CBR - CDR / 10)
Population growth rate
way to calculate population growth. more accurate because it accounts for migration
Doubling time
The number of years in which a population will double assuming the growth rate remains stable. (70/NIR)
economic population growth causes
Agricultural societies, advancements in food production and nutrition. advancements in sanitation, economic prosperity, access to healthcare
economic population decline causes
More women in workforce, urbanization. provision of food and resources, woman have access to contraceptives
social causes of population growth
Tradition encourages big families, woman are not given the option to use contraceptives, early marriage = more kids
social cause of population decline
role of woman, healthcare
political causes of population growth
pronatalist, shift from war to peace = baby boom
political causes of population decline
anti-natalist, war
natural causes of population decline
natural disasters, famine and drought, spread of disease
What is migration?
The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another
Immigraion
Movement into a location
Emigration
Movement out of a location
Push factors
Negative factors that cause people to move from one place to another
Pull factors
Positive factors that attract people to migrate to their location
Intervening opportunity
An opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling.
Intervening Obstacle
Barriers that hold migrants back form continuing to travel
Economic push factors
Jobless, lack of employment, low wages
Economic pull factors
Job opportunities, higher wages, seasonal jobs
example of economic push and pull factors
The Bracero program - US was short on laborers in WWII. signed a contract with Mexico for agricultural and transportation workers. 4.6 million Mexicans migrated to US.
Social push factors
Discrimination, prejudice, persecution and racism. Gender roles - Men are mostly migrants
Social pull factors
Freedom and lack of discrimination, prejudice, persecution and racism. kinship ties
example of social push and pull factors
China’s imbalanced sex-ratio - more men than women in China because of one - child policy. Women moves to nearby countries to marry young Chinese men.
Political push factors
War, repressive laws, discrimination
Political pull factors
Peace and Asylum
What is Asylum
Political migrants that move due to fear of oppression by their government can be granted protection in accepting countries
example of Political push and pull factors
Anti - communists from Cuba - When Fidel Castro took over Cuba in 1959, anti-communists were killed and jailed because of their views on communism. The were granted Asylum in the US. 1.2 million Cuban decent people in Florida
Natural push factors
Natural disasters, drought, crop failure, Intense climate.
Natural Pull factors
desirable climate and landscape
example of natural push and pull factors
Hurricane Katrina - More the one million people were displaced because of Hurricane Katrina in 2015
Ravenstien’s law of migration
- Migration is typically in short distance
- Migration occurs in steps
- Urban areas attract both long-distance and rural migration
- Every migration generates a counter migration
- Young, single, adult males are more likely to migrant than females.
- Most migration is due to economic factors.
Voluntary migration
people migrate due to their own choices
Involuntary migration
people relocate due to fears, of violence or survival
Types of voluntary migrations
Transnational, Transhumance, Internal, Chain, Step, Guest worker, Rural-to-urban
Transnational migration
Migration from one country to another. Immigrants maintain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties to their home country.
Remittances
money sent back to migrants home country. major economic flow
3 major flows of transnational migration
Latin America to North America
Southwest Asia to Europe
Asia to North America
Internal migration
ravenstien’s law. migration within country borders. more likely.
Distance Decay
The further apart two places are, the less likely it is that people will migrate between those two places.
Transhumance migration
migration of nomadic herders that move their livestock from high to low elevation in winter and vice versa in summer
chain
immigrants move to a location based of recommendations from kinship ties and friends.
Step migration
ravenstien’s law. migrants reach final destination in small steps. happens due to intervening opportunities and obstacles.
Rural to Urban
Ravenstien’s law. Typical. 55% in world live in urban.
Guest worker
migrants travel for temporary work. short period because country cannot fill using its own labor force
Types of involuntary migrations
Refugees, Internally Displaced, Persons, Asylum Seekers, Enslaved Persons
Refugee
forced to leave because of persecution, war or violence. 68% of refugees come from five countries: Syria, Venezuela, Afghanistan, South Sudan and Myanmar
Internally Displaced Persons
forced to flee, but doesn’t cross international borders. Large groups of IDPs are located in Colombia, Syria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Yemen
Asylum Seekers
When people flee their own country and seek sanctuary in another country, they apply for asylum.
Enslaved Persons:
Historical: Atlantic Slave Trade
16th-19th Centuries
10-12 million people
Modern Day: The United Nations estimates that about 21 million people are enslaved today.
Oftentimes referred to as human trafficking.
economic Effects of migration (receiving country)
Immigrants are a source of labor for less desirable and low paying work. Immigrants often open businesses.
economic Effects of migration (home country)
Decrease in unemployment.
Less strain on resources.
Remittances support the economy.
Brain drain
social effects of migration (receiving country)
immigrants bring aspects of culture with them. can receive backlash is og population feels threatened. reduces elderly dependency and more taxes for them. immigration is the main source of population growth in core countries, since 1950s.
social effects of migration (home country)
less men, because they usually migrate. often children and elderly are left behind. changes in traditional family structure. relief in overcrowding.
Political effects of migration (receiving countries)
Immigration restrictions.
Political effects of migration (home country)
laws that encourage immigration. Guest Worker Programs, Family Reunification
