Unit 5 Flashcards
Long - Term Memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
Retrieval
the retention of encoded information overtime
Short Term Memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before is stored or forgotten
Deja Vu
that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before” cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
Flashbulb Memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant event or moment
Memory
recalling and retaining of information and past experiences
Automatic Processing
the unconscious processing of incidental or well - learned information
Encoding
processing of information into the memory system. For example, by extracting meaning
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
Parallel Processing
the processing of many aspects of problems simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrast with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving
Serial Position Effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
Rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information, enter to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
Serial Position
tendency to remember the first, best, and the last items on a list
Mnemonic Device
memory aids; especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational
Acronym
abbreviation in which the first letters or syllables of a group of words is condensed into a smaller word
Spacing Effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Retrieval Cues
a clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long term memory
Mood Congruent Memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
Seven Sins of Memory
Transience, Absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence
Daniel Schacter
An American psychologist and Havard professor. Written The Seven Sins of Memory. He studied how memory works and how it’s prone to error and distortion.
Noam Chomsky
An American linguist. He created the theory of language. He believes that the human brain allows the capacity to learn and use languages.
Charles Spearman
An English psychologist. He was one of the pioneers of factor analysis. Also, created rank correlation theory
Howard Gardner
An American psychologist. Created the theory of intelligence. He believed that there were 8 different intelligences: linguistic, logical/mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist
Robert Sternberg
An American psychologist. He researched intelligence, love, creativity, and cognitive styles. He believed that there were 3 types of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical intelligence
Algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error prone - use of heuristics
Heuristics
a simple thinking strategy that often allows to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
Confirmation Bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory information
Mental Set
the inability to see a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successfully in the past
Functional Fixedness
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
Framing Effect
the way an issue is passed; now an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
Language
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Prototype
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
Phoneme
in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
Receptive Language
The first stage of language. Occurs at four months of age. They start to learn to discriminate sound and read lips. This is the beginning of comprehension of speech
Productive language
occurs around four months of age. Also, called the babbling stage. At 10 months, primary language is identifiable
One Word Stage:
Occurs on first birthday. Sounds have meaning. Around 18 months, they say one word a week to one word a day
Aptitude tests
tests designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
achievement tests
tests designed to assess what a person has learned
