Unit 5

Question 1

Long - Term Memory

Answer 1

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Question 2

Retrieval

Answer 2

the retention of encoded information overtime

Question 3

Short Term Memory

Answer 3

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before is stored or forgotten

Question 4

Deja Vu

Answer 4

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before” cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Question 5

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 5

a clear memory of an emotionally significant event or moment

Question 6

Memory

Answer 6

recalling and retaining of information and past experiences

Question 7

Automatic Processing

Answer 7

the unconscious processing of incidental or well - learned information

Question 8

Encoding

Answer 8

processing of information into the memory system. For example, by extracting meaning

Question 9

Chunking

Answer 9

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Question 10

Priming

Answer 10

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Question 11

Parallel Processing

Answer 11

the processing of many aspects of problems simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrast with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving

Question 12

Serial Position Effect

Answer 12

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Question 13

Rehearsal

Answer 13

the conscious repetition of information, enter to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

Question 14

Serial Position

Answer 14

tendency to remember the first, best, and the last items on a list

Question 15

Mnemonic Device

Answer 15

memory aids; especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational

Question 16

Acronym

Answer 16

abbreviation in which the first letters or syllables of a group of words is condensed into a smaller word

Question 17

Spacing Effect

Answer 17

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 18

Retrieval Cues

Answer 18

a clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of information stored in long term memory

Question 19

Mood Congruent Memory

Answer 19

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

Question 20

Seven Sins of Memory

Answer 20

Transience, Absent-mindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence

Question 21

Daniel Schacter

Answer 21

An American psychologist and Havard professor. Written The Seven Sins of Memory. He studied how memory works and how it’s prone to error and distortion.

Question 22

Noam Chomsky

Answer 22

An American linguist. He created the theory of language. He believes that the human brain allows the capacity to learn and use languages.

Question 23

Charles Spearman

Answer 23

An English psychologist. He was one of the pioneers of factor analysis. Also, created rank correlation theory

Question 24

Howard Gardner

Answer 24

An American psychologist. Created the theory of intelligence. He believed that there were 8 different intelligences: linguistic, logical/mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist

Question 25

Robert Sternberg

Answer 25

An American psychologist. He researched intelligence, love, creativity, and cognitive styles. He believed that there were 3 types of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical intelligence

Question 26

Algorithm

Answer 26

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error prone - use of heuristics

Question 27

Heuristics

Answer 27

a simple thinking strategy that often allows to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

Question 28

Confirmation Bias

Answer 28

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory information

Question 29

Mental Set

Answer 29

the inability to see a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successfully in the past

Question 30

Functional Fixedness

Answer 30

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving

Question 31

Framing Effect

Answer 31

the way an issue is passed; now an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Question 32

Language

Answer 32

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 33

Prototype

Answer 33

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

Question 34

Phoneme

Answer 34

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 35

Receptive Language

Answer 35

The first stage of language. Occurs at four months of age. They start to learn to discriminate sound and read lips. This is the beginning of comprehension of speech

Question 36

Productive language

Answer 36

occurs around four months of age. Also, called the babbling stage. At 10 months, primary language is identifiable

Question 37

One Word Stage:

Answer 37

Occurs on first birthday. Sounds have meaning. Around 18 months, they say one word a week to one word a day

Question 38

Aptitude tests

Answer 38

tests designed to predict a person’s future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn

Question 39

achievement tests

Answer 39

tests designed to assess what a person has learned