Unit 4B-Memory Flashcards
Flashbulb memories
A memory of an emotionally significant moment or event/build memories are usually very vivid
Memory
The persistence of learning overtime and through the storage and retrieval of information
Atkinson and shiffrin three stage processing model
Tell memory is processed. Processes include encoding storage and retrieval
Encoding
The processing of information into the memory system for example by extracting meaning
Storage
The retention of encoded information overtime
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage
Sensory memory
The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. Whatever you hear taste smell etc. it is the gateway of perception and the senses
Short-term memory
Activated memory that holds a few times briefly such as the seven digits of the phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. Working memory is a similar concept that focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information. Hold information from 20 seconds to a minute
Working memory
How we attend to rehearse and manipulate information in temporary storage
Long term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. 2,500,000 GB of information. If information is lost it is usually due to retrieval failure or storage decay.
Levels of processing model
We remember by examining how deeply our memory was processed or thought about
Selective attention
The capacity for or process of reacting to certain stimuli selectively one several occur simultaneously. Only focusing on one thing-good for encoding because it helps us decipher what is important.
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such a space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
Effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Herman Ebbinghaus
The pioneering research or a verbal memory. Scientifically study memory. One amount remember depends on how much you dedicated to learn it. Two: 90% of the stuff we learned goes away within a month without effortful processing
Rehearsal
The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
Maintenance rehearsal
A type of memory rehearsal that is useful in maintaining information in short-term memory or working memory. To keep an item until you need it and use it.
Elaborative rehearsal
A memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over. Organization and understanding of information encoded until transferred to our long-term memory
Over learning
The repeated practice of a skill or study of material to further strengthen memory and performance
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention and is achieved through math study or practice. Learning little by little; learning is distributed
Serial position effect
Our tendency to recall the best the last and first items in a list
Primacy and recency
Primacy is the first part of the list and recency is the last part of the list.
Symantec encoding
Encoding of meaning including the meaning of words. Odoriferous
Acoustic encoding
The encoding of sound especially the sound of words. Word rhymes like mnemonic devices
Visual encoding
Encoding of picture images
Imagery
Mental pictures: a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding it
Mnemonic devices
Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. The method of Loki or the link method is used by associating things with something you are very familiar with. The pen word method is when is a jingle and it it’s like for lists like one gun to shoot three tree for door and you associate things with those words
Chungking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
George Sperling
Tested how much people remembered one shown glimpses at one 20th of a second. The people only remembered about half of the letter shown
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds in words can still be recalled within three or four seconds
Magic number seven
I was short-term memory usually only stores about seven bits of information; seven numbers in the phone, seven seas, seven primary colors, seven days of the week
Long-term potential Asian
Or LTP, an increase in the synapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
Kendall and Schwartz
Observe changes in the sending neuron in the simple animal the California CCU up Leasia it’s a mere 20,000 or so nerve cells are usually large and accessible enabling the researchers to observe synaptic changes during learning. The ones who were shocked remember things better then the ones who were just petted
Antero grade amnesia
A loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, or long-term memories from before the event to remain intact. Your member up to a certain point but nothing after that anything you
Retrograde amnesia
You forget memories from the past.
Implicit memory
Retention independent of conscious recollection. Also called procedural memory. Memory of skills, memories of preferences, dispositions
Explicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare her. Also called declarative memory
Episodic memory
A branch of explicit memory that relates to facts and general knowledge. Stores it is meanings, categories, or facts themselves
The hippo campus and memory
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storageputs what we learn into memory. If gone, enter a greater media. Not a permanent storage
The cerebellum and memory
Works with implicit memories process is implicit memories
The amygdala in memory
Processes emotions
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, I was on the fill in the blank test
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on the multiple choice test
Relearning
A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
Semantic network theory web of associations
A graphic notation for representing knowledge and patterns of interconnected nodes and arts. The brain creates new memories by associating them to previous memories
Priming
The activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory
State dependent theory
The phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed
Mood congruent theory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.
Encoding specificity principle
Provides a framework for understanding how contextual information affect memory and recall
Deja vu
The Erie sense that: I’ve experienced this before.: cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
Storage decay
A type of forgetting that occurs when memories fade over time
Proactive interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
Retro active recall
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
Repression
In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing of thoughts, feelings and memories
Elizabeth Loftus
Studied the existence of false memories
Reconstruction
The process of recalling a series of stimuli in the order that they were represented
Miss information effect
Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event. Adding leading questions
Leading questions
A question asked in such a way to suggest the answer
Memory gaps
Fill them in with guesses and assumptions
Imagination and memory
Your imagination and perception of how the memory should have not been influence your actual memory and can cause false memories
Source amnesia
Attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, right about, or imagined also called source misattribution. Source of Niger along with the misinformation effect is at the heart of many false memories. One must have physical evidence and other validated reports of the event
