Unit 4A: Learning Flashcards
Associative learning
Learning that certain events occur together. The events maybe two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or response and it’s consequence (as in operant conditioning). Learning by association. Two stimuli or reward.
Learning
A relatively permanent or stable change in an organisms behavior due to experience. Learning must result in experience rather than in need to nature. Nature is what requires the changes in the brain
Behaviorists
Psychologist to view that psychology should be an objective process. They believe that learned behavior can be reduced to universal response stimulus.
John Watson
father is behaviorism. He change the definition of psychology too observant
Classical conditioning
A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired. A.k.a. forward conditioning-people and animals learn to associate a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that produces a reflexive response and learn to respond to new stimuli as they did the mold. This was established by Ivan Pavlov
Unconditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response. It is the original stimulus. Also called the UCS
Unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth. Also known as the UCR
Neutral stimulus
A stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention. Eventually turns into the condition stimulus. It does not elicit automatic response for example one Pavlov rings the bell for the rent for the dog the first time they don’t know why he’s ringing the bell until he give us a treat
Conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, and originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response also known as the CS
Conditioned response
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus. Also known as the CR
Respondent behavior
A reflexive behavioral process that happens in response to some stimulus I, and is essential to an organism survival
Trace conditioning
During this, the condition stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus do not overlap. Instead, the condition stimulus begins and ends before the unconditioned stimulus is presented.
Simultaneous conditioning
When the condition stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented together.
Backward conditioning
When the unconditioned stimulus occurs before the condition stimulus
Acquisition
The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. It is used to acquire the condition response.
Extinction
If reward cease the responses were also cease. The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance after a rest. I’ve been extinguished conditioned response.
Generalization
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. Response is triggered from similar stimuli.
Discrimination
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus. The ability to distinguish between similar and distant stimuli
Garcia and koelling
They observed that if the stimulus made the subject sick they would learn to avoid it. Rats are biologically prepared to team associations of the taste of particular foods and the onset of illness. Conditioning principles are constrained by the biological predispositions of each species
Conditioned taste aversion CTA
When the mind it develops a resistance towards a certain food parentheses due to illness). Also known as the Garcia affect it is highly resistant to extinction and works best with food and illness
Stimulus generalization
One stimuli elicit similar responses to previously conditioned stimuli that share certain qualities. Such as when someone eat sushi and it makes them sick they don’t go to anymore sushi joints
Aversive conditioning
A type of behavior conditioning in which knocks you stimuli are associated with undesirable or unwanted behavior that is to be modified or abolished, as the use of nausea-inducing drugs in the treatment of alcoholism.. Unwanted behavior with the punishment
Contiguity approach
Established by Pavlov and Watson, it is when you pair a natural stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
Contingency approach
Established by Robert wrist Orla, the condition stimulus comes to predict the unconditioned stimulus
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. When behavior is encouraged with rewards and punishments
Edward Thorndike in the law of effect
The law states that when one is approached with pleasant rewards their behavior will increase but when one is approached with unpleasant rewards their behavior will decrease
Instrumental learning
Consequences are instrumental in future learning and future behaviors. The process of reinforcing a behavior by consistently giving positive or negative reinforcement
BF Skinner and operant chamber
Also known as the Skinner box, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer with attached devices to record the animals rate of bar pressing or keep packing, using operant conditioning research. Skinner was the father of operant conditioning.
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
Shaping and successive approximations
In operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired goal. Done through successive approximations. The
Reinforcer
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Primary reinforcers
Innately reinforcing stimulus, such as the one that satisfies a biological me. And natural reinforcers such as food water sex
Secondary reinforcer
A stimulus that games it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcers also known as a conditioned reinforcer examples include money for clothing
Positive reinforcer
Adds a desirable stimulus
Negative reinforcer
Remove an unpleasant aversive stimulus examples include shocking rat parentheses take shock a way to encourage a certain behavior)
Generalized reinforcement
A reinforcer that acquires it’s reinforcing strengths through its relation to multiple reinforcers examples include money in. Negative effects of the concerns can be aggression and fear of the punisher
Punishment
Any event that decreases the behavior that it follows it (seen most effective: strong immediate and consistent)
Positive punishment
Administer an aversive stimulus (getting a speeding ticket)
Negative punishment
With draw a desirable stimulus (taking the phone away)
Pre-Mac principle
The theory of reinforcement that states that more probable behaviors will reinforced less probable behaviors. So just different wards and punishment work better for different types of people
Continuous reinforcement
Enforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement or intermittent reinforcement
Reinforcing response old me a portion of the time; result in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only to alter a specified number of responses. FRS-reinforced every five times. For example people who work for commission get a bonus for a certain number of sold cars
Variable ratio schedule
In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable amount of responses. I don’t know when you will get the reward for example slot machines
Fixed interval schedule
In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. Fixed time intervals
Variable interval schedule
In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
Chaining
Using operant conditioning to teach a complex response by linking together less complex skills for example at a dog show they teach dogs to go through obstacle courses little by little
Biology of the learning
There is evidence of neural networks warming; learning change his brain conclusion
Donald hebb
Regarded motivation and learning as related aspects or properties of the same thing. Worked with aplysias.
Aplysias
Casey slug they chose to work with sea slugs because they only have 20,000 neurons in the brain because they have fewer neurons the apes are humans learning you see more clearly
Eric Kendall and neuromodulators
They have three groups of the sea slugs and they noticed that the neuromodulators were released from those that were shocked and shake think there girl that works about four times faster when they were shocked.
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. For example you don’t know you can do something until you actually need to do it such as when Scarbrock down and he thought he was never listening to his dad was because then he knew how to change the belt thingy
Edward Tolman and the cognitive map
He made the rack to go through the baby so many times that thing for the cognitive map of it which is a mental layout of one’s environment
Rats and the environment
The rats that were kept in the poor environment versus the rats that lived in the enriched environment the enriched environment in which their brains they had larger neural networks and cognitive bs
Instinctive drift
The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response. Refers to reverting to instinct from a learned behavior.
Over justification
The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. This can in the long run take away the passion for the tasks because of the rewards and money.
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective
Extrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior due to its promised rewards or threats of punishment
Criticisms of skinner
Skinner and dehumanize people died to go look in their personal freedom and dignity
Abstract learning
The mastery of ideas, stories, St. notions and how they work together. Learning through deep thinking. Four steps to this: one observation to evaluation three considering the possible responses and for making a decision
Insight learning
Identified by Wolfgang Kohler-a type of learning or problem-solving that happens all of a sudden through understanding the relationship various parts of a problem rather than trial and error. Worked with chimps learning with cognitive inside. Basically it’s when you get an epiphany or like the lightbulb in your head.
Social learning
Social behavior is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others
Observational learning
Learning by observing others
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Albert Bandura and the Bobo doll
Bindura didn’t experiment in which he had an adult Beat a Bobo doll in front of a child and recorded whether or not the child would do the same to the Bobo doll.
For conditions for observational learning
Helps us understand how abusive parents might have aggressive children
Antisocial effects
C
Pro social effects
Positive constructive helpful behavior
Violence and the media
Research has shown that viewing media violence does lead to increased expression of aggression in the viewers
