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Neuroscience > Unit 4_Emotion & Cognition > Flashcards

Unit 4_Emotion & Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Emotions are often expressed with what?

A

A motor output

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2
Q

What is the key neurocircuitry in emotion?

A

The Limbic system

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3
Q

What is an arbitrary name given to a functional system of cortical and subcortical structures that regulate emotional and motivational aspects of behavior?

This includes processes involved in learning and memory.

A

The Limbic system

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4
Q

What are the following:
Cingulate gyrus
Subcallosal gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Hippocampal formation
Uncus
Amygdala

A

The Limbic System – Primary Structures

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5
Q

What are the following:
Orbitofrontal association area
Fornix
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Septal area (located at the rostral end of the diencephalon)
Basal ganglia structures
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

The Limbic System – Secondary Structures

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6
Q

What is a key output of Limbic System?

A

Amygdala

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7
Q

Key brain regions involved in addiction are related to what?

A

The Limbic system

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8
Q

What are the following:
Emotions-behavioral expressions of emotions
Learning
Memory-short term and long term
Motivation/drive
Feeding/drinking
Defensive behaviors
Reproduction

A

Functions of the Limbic System

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9
Q

What responses are the following related to:
The neuroendocrine response is to release epinephrine into the bloodstream in increase heart rate, metabolic rate etc. (fight or flight)

Five minutes after the initial stress you get the release of cortisol from adrenal glands.

Cortisol mobilizes energy and suppresses immune responses and serves as an anti-inflammatory agent.

If the stress is maintained excessive amounts of cortisol remain in the system.

A

Somatic responses

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10
Q

What do elevated cortisol levels do with learning and memory, lower immune function and bone density, increase weight gain, blood pressure, cholesterol, heart disease?

A

Interfere with learning and memory

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11
Q

What increase risk for depression, mental illness, and lower life expectancy?

A

Chronic stress and elevated cortisol levels

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12
Q

What is associated with stress-related disease like colitis, cardiovascular disorders, and adult-onset diabetes?

A

Excessive cortisol

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13
Q

What increase risk for depression, mental illness, and lower life expectancy?

A

Chronic stress and elevated cortisol levels

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14
Q

What are correlated with increased incidence of certain cancers?

A

More stressful jobs

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15
Q

What is known as the process by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used?

Involves several processes:
Attention
Memory
Perception
Higher-level language

Examples:
Critical thinking, problem-solving, reasoning, judgement

A

Cognition

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16
Q

What type of learning involves facts, events, etc.?
- Available for conscious recollection
- Easily forgotten

A

Declarative memory

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17
Q

What type of learning involves skills, habits?
- Require practice-repetition- less easily forgotten

A

Non-declarative memory- Procedural memory

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18
Q

What phase of declarative memory lasts seconds to hours and are easily disrupted or erased probably involve changes in synaptic activity? What you are doing when cramming.

A

Short-term memory

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19
Q

What phase of declarative memory lasts days, months or years and are relatively permanent and involve not only synaptic activity but also include anatomical changes in synapses?

A

Long-term memory

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20
Q

What type of memory consolidation involves the following:
- Persistent enhancement or depression of synaptic transmission following activation of receptors by long term high frequency stimulation and this would relate to short term memories.
- These short-term memories can then be converted into long term memories by activating the genetic machinery to increase or decrease protein synthesis.

A

Long term potentiation (LTP) and Long term depression (LTD)

21
Q

What sets off a cascade of biochemical reactions that cause persistent increased response to transmitter release and may also signal enhancement of release of transmitter to create a short-term memory?

A

High frequency stimulation

22
Q

What transitions a short-term memory into a long-term memory?

A

Long term potentiation (LTP)

23
Q

What type of long-term memory requires less protein synthesis so would lose synaptic terminals?

A

Long term depression (LTD)

24
Q

Three stages have been identified for what kind of skills related to procedural memory (non-declarative)?
1. Cognitive-trying to understand task
2. Associative-less dependent on cognition
3. Autonomous-automatic and do not require attention-divided attention between motor and other tasks

A

learning motor skills

25
Q

What type of learning involves a reinforcement or punishment that is paired with a behavior?

Behaviors that are reinforced become learned and those that are punished are often extinguished.

This type of behavioral reinforcement is often used to obtain more acceptable behaviors in patients with behavioral disorders.

A

Operant Conditioning

26
Q

What are three types of Amnesia (Declarative Memory)

A

Retrograde Amnesia

Anterograde Amnesia

Global/Transient Amnesia

27
Q

What type of amnesia is characterized by memory loss for events prior to a type of trauma (older memories often remain intact) because short-term memories are most likely related to ongoing synaptic activity and long-term likely requires anatomical changes?

A

Retrograde Amnesia

28
Q

What type of amnesia is characterized by an inability to form new memories?

A

Anterograde Amnesia

29
Q

What type of amnesia involves a sudden onset of severe anterograde amnesia that lasts for minutes to days accompanied by amnesia for recent events preceding an “event”?

A

Global/Transient Amnesia

30
Q

Where do we see amnesia changes in the brain, including:
- Blunted affect
- Decreased emotional drive
- Cognitive deficits-perseveration
- IQ intact

A

Orbitofrontal lobe

31
Q

What part of the brain includes the following amnesia changes:
- Required for learning and memory consolidation
- Lesions due to epilepsy, encephalitis, trauma
- Result in anterograde amnesia
- Long term and procedural memory intact

A

Inferior Temporal lobe

32
Q

What part of the brain results in hypersexuality and rage if ablated when affected by amnesia?

A

Septal Nuclei

33
Q

What part of the brain results in emotional responses to sensations when affected by amnesia?

A

Thalamus (Anterior Nucleus and Medial Dorsal Nucleus)

34
Q

What part of the brain results in highly involved in all emotional processes when affected by amnesia?

A

Hypothalamus (mammillary nuclei and lateral hypothalamic area)

35
Q

What area of the brain may be involved in the storage of motor memories, it may be involved in motor learning and idea for movement, and it also affects the motivation to perform a task which affects the ability to perform the task? This area has lots of connections with the basal ganglia.

A

Prefrontal Cortex

36
Q

What processes in the prefrontal cortex exert control over behavior through a pathway that begins in the orbitofrontal-ventromedial prefrontal cortex (OF) and from there projects to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the premotor cortex (PM), and finally the primary motor cortex (M1)?

A

Emotional and cognitive processes

37
Q

Where are executive functions of the brain and many of the aspects of the individual that make up your personality, which contains some limbic structures (orbitofrontal area) and has strong connections with the limbic system located?

A

Prefrontal cortex

38
Q

What are the following considered to be: attention, ideation, planning, and organizing and initiating tasks, problem solving skills, and logical thinking?

A

Executive functions

39
Q

What happens when an area is lesioned?

A

Creates a myriad of problems

40
Q

What are the following considered to be:
Disorganization
Disorientation
Attention deficits
Amnesia
Impaired judgement,
Decreased processing speed
Deficits in problem-solving
Impaired language (word finding, reading, fluency)
Poor comprehension
Anomia
Echolalia
Flat affect (gestures, body language, facial expressions) – also poor interpretation

A

Cognitive impairments

41
Q

What can result in the following cognitive problems?
Memory problems (limbic-temporal)
Attention deficits (pre-frontal cortex)
Impaired reasoning capabilities/ impulsiveness (pre-frontal cortex)
Impaired learning abilities (limbic-temporal)
Orientation/confusion (limbic)

A

Traumatic Brain Injury (even mild TBI can be devastating)

42
Q

What can result in the following social / emotional problems?
Hypersexuality
Intimate behavior
Agitation/violence
Aggressiveness
Passive/flat affect/ lack of motivation socially inappropriate

A

Traumatic Brain Injury (even mild TBI can be devastating)

43
Q

The prognosis of TBI for motor return is often _______ than the prognosis for the remediation of cognitive and behavioral problems.

A

better

44
Q

Is Brain function Lateralized?

A

Probably not as much as was previously thought except maybe for sensory and motor function (i.e. contralateral nature) and language

45
Q

What part of the brain controls MOTOR and SENSORY?

A

Contralateral control

46
Q

When there is a left hemisphere lesion, what functions result?

A

more often depressed and labile

47
Q

When there is a right hemisphere lesion, what functions result?

A

euphoric and impulsive

48
Q

Where is language most commonly controlled in the brain?

A

Left hemisphere

Neuroscience (28 decks)

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