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Neuroscience > Unit 1_Neural Communication Part 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1_Neural Communication Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the following help us with?

Helps us to understand the flexibility/adaptability the CNS has for normal function.

Helps us understand what underlies normal learning processes across the life span.

Helps us understand processes in response to disease and trauma that are important to rehabilitation.

Helps us develop an understanding of how we as rehabilitation and other health professionals can treat without drugs or surgery.

A

Understanding Neural Communication

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2
Q

What generate impulses and serve as the major means of communication within the nervous system and between the nervous system and the body parts?

A

Neurons

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3
Q

What is the metabolic center of the cell and an important area to receive signals (postsynaptic) from other neurons?

A

Cell body

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4
Q

What receive signals from other neurons (postsynaptic)?

A

Dendritic branches or dendrites

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5
Q

What conducts signals away from the cell body to communicate with other neurons?

A

A single axon

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6
Q

What release neurotransmitters at the end of axons?

A

Presynaptic terminals

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7
Q

What are 3 primary classifications of neurons?

A

Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

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8
Q

What cell bodies do we see most in our nervous system?

A

Bipolar cell

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9
Q

In addition to electrical signals, what do the axons transport from the cell body to the synaptic terminals (anterograde transport) and back from the synaptic terminal to the cell body (retrograde transport) to provide nourishment, structural changes, and materials needed at synapses?

A

Materials

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10
Q

The axon arises from a specialized region of the cell body referred to as what?

A

axon hillock

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11
Q

It is the axon that will convey information within the nervous system from one cell to another by transmitting an electrical signal that is called what?

A

Action potential

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12
Q

What is started at the initial segment or trigger zone which is distal to the axon hillock?

A

Action potential

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13
Q

What is just distal to the axon hillock where action potentials are generated?

A

The “trigger zone” or “initial segment”

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14
Q

Near its end, an axon will divide into fine branches that have specialized swellings called what? By means of these terminals, one neuron will transmit information that it is carrying to the receptive post-synaptic surface of other neurons (usually dendrites but also on cell bodies or axons).

A

pre-synaptic terminals

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15
Q

What is the site of communication between excitable cells (neuron to neuron or neuron to effector cell (muscle, gland, etc.))? This cell is one that can undergo changes in its electrical charge in response to stimulation.

A

Synapse

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16
Q

What are two types of synapses?

A

Electrical and chemical

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17
Q

What type of synapse is most common in the CNS and specialized neurotransmitters convey information from one cell to the other?

A

Chemical synapse

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18
Q

What typically occur between the axon terminal of one neuron and the cell body or dendrite of a second neuron?

A

Neuronal synapses

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19
Q

What is the neuron conducting impulses towards the synapse referred to as?

A

Pre-synaptic neuron

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20
Q

What is the neuron conducting impulses away from the synapse referred to as?

A

Post-synaptic neuron

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21
Q

What is a narrow gap that separates the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic cells?

A

Synaptic cleft

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22
Q

How are signals transmitted across the synaptic cleft that is released from the presynaptic terminal?

A

Neurotransmitter

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters can have either an excitatory effect or an inhibitory effect on the post-synaptic cell based on what?

A

Post synaptic receptor

(ex. Dopamine, which can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on the post-synaptic receptor it binds with)

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24
Q

If a threshold level of stimulation is reached, what will carry the signal from the post-synaptic cell to the next cell?

A

An action potential

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25
Q

Synapses occur on all parts of neuron, but most are on what followed by cell body (soma)?

A

Dendrites

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26
Q

What allows information to be widely spread to other neurons and other parts of the nervous system?

A

Divergence

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27
Q

What allows information from various parts of the nervous system to be integrated at single or groups of neurons?

A

Convergence

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28
Q

What signal is pre-synaptic?

A

Sensory signals

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29
Q

What signal is pre and post-synaptic?

A

Motor signals

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30
Q

What signal is post-synaptic?

A

Muscle signals

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31
Q

What allows the nervous system to carry out its functions including the action potential for communication?

A

Special membrane properties

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32
Q

What are the following properties of?

Has passive properties based on basic physics

Responds to voltage changes

Responds to various chemicals (neurotransmtters)

A

Special membrane properties that allow the nervous system to carry out its functions

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33
Q

What is the difference in electric potential (Voltage) between the interior and the exterior of a cell (neuron)?

A

Membrane Potential (Vm)

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34
Q

What refers to how hard it is for ions to flow through membrane?

A

Membrane resistance (Rm)

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35
Q

What refers to how easy it is for ions to flow through membrane?

A

Membrane conductance (g)

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36
Q

What refers to the ability for membrane to store charge (think of a ditch or water tank)? Myelin decreases membrane capacitance.

A

Membrane capacitance (Cm)

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37
Q

What refers to resistance to flow of ions within the cell, particularly the axon? Dependent on diameter of axon.

A

Axoplasmic (cytoplasmic) resistance (Ra)

38
Q

What is dependent on Membrane capacitance and membrane resistance, but more on membrane capacitance? Important for temporal summation.

A

Membrane time constant

39
Q

What refers to how far a membrane potential can maintain its height? Dependent on membrane resistance and axoplasmic resistance. Important for spatial summation.

A

Length (space) constant

40
Q

What is dependent on axoplasmic resistance and membrane resistance?

A

Conduction Velocity

41
Q

What decreases membrane capacitance reducing the time constant and increasing the conduction velocity?

A

Myelin

42
Q

What do neurons have that makes up a cell membrane and is made of fat?

A

Lipid bilayer

43
Q

What is the area outside of the neuron known as?

A

Extracellular space

44
Q

What does resting membrane potential of a neuron refer to?

A

Negative

45
Q

When we mention values of membrane potential, what are we reporting?

A

What is the inside of the cell relative to the outside of the cell

46
Q

What move ions across the neuron’s membrane?

A

electrical and chemical gradients

47
Q

What is a mosaic of membrane channels (windows) with transmembrane channels of various types that live right next to each other?

A

A neuron

48
Q

Some synapses involve depolarization (or less negative/positive charge, more sodium) which we call what?

A

Excitation

49
Q

Some synapses involve hyperpolarization (or negative charge, more potassium) which we call what?

A

Inhibition

50
Q

What requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that is responsible for maintaining the concentration gradients for continuous diffusion of ions and, therefore, a continual charge separation or membrane potential?

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

51
Q

The local graded alterations in the resting membrane potential of the post-synaptic cell are referred to as what? These result from changes in ion permeability due to the effect of the neurotransmitter.

A

post-synaptic potentials

52
Q

What determine whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory?

A

The receptors

53
Q

If the neurotransmitter causes excitation, what will the result be, which will depolarize the post-synaptic cell membrane and bring it closer to threshold?

A

Excitatory post-synaptic potential or EPSP

54
Q

If the neurotransmitter causes inhibition, what will the result be, which will hyperpolarize the post-synaptic cell membrane and move it further from threshold?

A

inhibitory post-synaptic potential or IPSP

55
Q

What will determine whether or not a given post-synaptic cell reaches a threshold of stimulation that will result in an action potential?

A

The summation of EPSP’s and IPSP’s

56
Q

What is an autoimmune disease that destroys receptor sites (junctional folds) for acetylcholine at Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) on muscle cells which are post-synaptic cells? Patients have signs and symptoms related to cortical bulbar pathways, cranial nerve pathways so weakness in the face and can sometimes have difficulty swallowing.

A

Myasthenia Gravis

57
Q

What is is the initial segment or trigger zone of axon where SUMMATION occurs?

Activity of all EPSPs/IPSPs are summed and decision of cell to generate action potential or not is reached.

All EPSPs and all IPSPs passively move around the cell and via the axon hillock to initial segment/trigger zone.

All are summated. If there is sufficient depolarization to reach threshold an action potential will be generated.

A

Integrative Component

58
Q

What occurs when a single neuron has many excitatory and inhibitory synapses on it with some out on dendrites and cell body with a few near the axon terminals?

For example, a single motor neuron in the ventral horn of the spinal cord may have 10,000 synapses with other neurons.

A

Convergence

59
Q

What is a summation of post-synaptic potentials from a single stimulus location occurring at high frequencies?

At high frequencies a new EPSP occurs before membrane potential can return to baseline. Therefore, a single sub-threshold synapse may drive neuron to threshold when it fires at high frequency.

A

Temporal summation

60
Q

What is combined action of 2 of more post-synaptic potentials from different points on the neuron (dendrite, cell body and sometimes axon terminal)? Synapses need to be close enough for summation to occur.

A

Spatial summation

61
Q

What ultimately affect initial segment/trigger zone?

A

Temporal and spatial summation

62
Q

Capacitance adds a time element to passive properties during what type of summation?

A

Temporal summation

63
Q

What determines amount of capacitance?

A

Separation of charges

Less separation = more capacitance
More separation = less capacitance (myelin separates charges)

64
Q

What affect how far a potential can move without disappearing and are the basis of the length (space) constant which is important for Spatial Summation?

A

Axonal (within cell) and Membrane (through membrane) resistances

65
Q

Larger diameter axons have what?

A

Less resistance

66
Q

What degrades signal?

A

Length

67
Q

What have greater impact than those out on tips of dendrites all else being equal?

A

Synapses closer to trigger zone

68
Q

When is there greater chance for spatial summation?

A

If the length constant is longer

69
Q

What is dependent on passive properties, but active properties underlay spiking an action potential?

A

Summation

70
Q

How do neurons communicate with each other?

A

Via action potentials

71
Q

What is a rapid change in membrane polarity observed in excitable cells that allows for the transmission of electrical information from one cell to another?

A

Action potential

72
Q

What involves a positive feedback cycle and is time-limited?

A

Spiking an action potential

73
Q

As soon as the critical threshold of depolarization caused by the summation of post- synaptic potentials is reached, what channels open allowing Na+ to rush into the cell along both its concentration and electrical gradient?

These channels also open but more slowly and take longer to close.

During this time more positive charges (Na+) enter the cell than leave (K+). The membrane potential thus decreases (becomes more positive) and eventually reverses as the inside becomes more positive than the outside. This constitutes the depolarization phase of the action potential which is short lived (<1 millisecond).

A

voltage gated sodium channels

74
Q

What channels close rapidly as the membrane becomes more positive and voltage gated potassium channels remain open long to allow K+ to diffuse quickly out of the cell? This K+ efflux brings the membrane potential back to its resting level and is called the repolarization phase.

The K+ channels remain open long enough to cause a brief period of hyperpolarization.

A

Sodium channels

75
Q

What underlies generation of an action potential?

A

Positive feedback

76
Q

What channels do the following:
Open quickly
Close quickly
Are refractory

A

Voltage gated Na+ channels

77
Q

What is responsible for refractory period?

A

Inactivation of voltage gated Na channels

78
Q

What is the axon itself?

A

The conductive component

79
Q

In regards to an atom, what do the following relate to:

  1. diameter (Axoplasmic resistance)
  2. if it is myelinated or not (Membrane 3. capacitance and resistance)
  3. If myelinated, how much myelin.
A

How fast an axon conducts

80
Q

What is inversely related to Axonal resistance (Ra) and Axonal Capacitance (Cm)?

A

Axonal conduction velocity

81
Q

If axons have the following, what speed is their conduction velocity?

  1. Small diameter axons have high resistance
  2. Unmyelinated axons have high capacitance
A

Slower

82
Q

If axons have the following, what speed is their conduction velocity?

  1. Large diameter axons have low resistance
  2. Myelinated axons have low capacitance
A

Faster

83
Q

Not all axons are myelinated, but those that are myelinated conduct action potentials how?

A

Faster

84
Q

What process reduces the ability of passive current to leak out of the axon, increases the distance along the axon that a given local current can flow passively and decreases the capacitance of the axon reducing time to charge membrane allowing action potentials to conduct faster?

A

Myelinated axons at the Nodes of Ranvier

85
Q

What appear to occur only at the “nodes of Ranvier” where there are gaps in myelin, but they are traveling whole axon?

A

Action potentials

86
Q

What separate charges so they are less attracted to each other?

A

Myelin

87
Q

What varies with diameter of axon, and presence and thickness of myelin?

A

Velocity

88
Q

What are faster than smaller diameter because less axoplasmic resistance?

A

Large diameter myelin

89
Q

What are faster than unmyelinated because myelin reduces membrane capacitance?

A

Myelinated

90
Q

What disease affects the conductive component and is autoimmune?

It destroys myelin in PNS-affects motor, sensory and autonomic functions of peripheral nerves-subsequent to infection-rapid progression.

Initial symptoms are often tingling/numbness and weakness.

Progressive muscle weakness that may result in full paralysis within days or weeks.

A

Guillain Barre

91
Q

What disease affects the conductive component and is autoimmune?

It destroys myelin in CNS-cerebrum, brainstem and spinal cord.

Visual, motor, sensory, bowel and bladder, cognition, emotions, speech, swallowing, autonomic, etc.

Progressive – speed/severity may vary

A

Multiple Sclerosis

Neuroscience (28 decks)

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